Plant Responses to Pathogen Attack: Small RNAs in Focus

Abstract

Small RNAs (sRNA) are a significant group of gene expression regulators for multiple biological processes in eukaryotes. In plants, many sRNA silencing pathways produce extensive array of sRNAs with specialized roles. The evidence on record advocates for the functions of sRNAs during plant microbe interactions. Host sRNAs are reckoned as mandatory elements of plant defense. sRNAs involved in plant defense processes via different pathways include both short interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) that actively regulate immunity in response to pathogenic attack via tackling pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and other effectors. In response to pathogen attack, plants protect themselves with the help of sRNA-dependent immune systems. That sRNA-mediated plant defense responses play a role during infections is an established fact. However, the regulations of several sRNAs still need extensive research. In this review, we discussed the topical advancements and findings relevant to pathogen attack and plant defense mediated by sRNAs. We attempted to point out diverse sRNAs as key defenders in plant systems. It is hoped that sRNAs would be exploited as a mainstream player to achieve food security by tackling different plant diseases.

Plant defense against virus diseases; growth hormones in highlights

“…Furthermore, these increased miRNA levels correspond to enhanced target cleavage. 30,[60][61][62][63][64] Researchers claim that the expression of viral suppressing proteins interfering Aux regulatory pathways accounts for the development of many symptoms induced during viral infections. 65 GA biosynthesis pathway disruption is also closely related to symptoms of viral infections.…”

A Novel Protein Elicitor PeBL2, from Brevibacillus laterosporus A60, Induces Systemic Resistance against Botrytis cinerea in Tobacco Plant

“…Different types of organisms in nature, including fungi, bacteria, oomycetes and viruses, can produce elicitors, including different chemical viz. proteins, lipids, glycoproteins, oligosaccharides and peptides ( Ellis et al, 2009 ; Islam et al, 2018 ; Nürnberger, 1999 ). Gram positive plant-pathogenic bacteria produce one type of protein elicitor called a hairpin, which is a multifunctional protein ( Wang et al, 2015 ; Wei et al, 1992 ).…”

Applications of Biotechnology for Characterization of Plants and Pests as the Key Components of Plant Protection and Production Strategies: A Review

“…Pathogens Insect-pests Weeds 2016), hyperparasite and coinfection effect on population dynamics of pathogen (Tollenaere et al, 2014;Susi et al, 2015) al., 2018); aphids (Guo et al, 2017b) Pramual et al, 2011Ramírez et al, 2017) Molecular mechanisms plants Resistance or defence to pests Metabolomics of the plant defence (Mhlongo et al, 2018), molecular mechanisms of resistance (Avila Mendez and Romero, 2017;Sahni et al, 2018; response of RNAs (Islam et al, 2018) Molecular Bases of Plant defence against insects (Smith and Clemens, 2012;War et al, 2012;Barah and Bones. 2015;Belete, 2018) Molecular mechanisms of plant competition (Pierik et al, 2013), resistance to striga (Bardaro et al, 2016), Allelopathic mechanisms (Cheng and Cheng, 2015;Trezzi et al, 2016;Ashraf et al, 2017) Molecular mechanisms of pests resistance to pesticides Gene duplication mechanism (Jugulam and Gill 2018); reversing resistance (Allen et al, 2017) Molecular genetics of insecticide resistance (IR) (Ffrench-Constant, 2013); Molecular detection of IR (Javed et al, 2017) Molecular mechanisms of herbicide resistance HR (Delye et al, 2015;Alebrahim et al, 2017 ), Gene duplication mechanism (Koo et al, 2018) Molecular studies on Climate Change (CC) adaptation and mitigation strategies as related to pest management Impacts of CC on plant diseases and implications on management (Dukes et al, 2009;Shaw 2009;Chakraborty and Newton, 2011;Pautasso et al, 2012;Juroszek and von Tiedemann, 2013; Impacts of CC on insectpests and implications on management…”