Plant Resistance to Insect Herbivores: A Field Test of the Environmental Stress Hypothesis

Louda, Svaťa M.; Collinge, Sharon K.

doi:10.2307/1938728

Cited by 141 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…O número de espécies chega a 191 ao incluir-se as de hábito herbáceo para a manutenção da alta diversidade em florestas tropicais (Comita et al 2007). O recrutamento de regenerantes tem início a partir de um conjunto de processos biológicos e ecológicos que envolvem a produção de frutos e sementes por indivíduos adultos, seguidos da dispersão, deposição, germinação e, finalmente, o estabelecimento das plântulas (De Steven & Wright 2002, Leigh et al 2004, enquanto processos decorrentes da ação de patógenos, predadores, danos físicos e a competição por recursos, incluindo a disponibilidade de luz no ambiente, determinarão a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento dos indivíduos regenerantes (Janzen 1970, Augspurger 1984, Louda & Collinge 1992, Montgomery & Chazdon 2001, 2002, Dupuy & Chazdon 2008. Em nosso levantamento dos estratos arbóreo e regenerante em 0,4 ha, a riqueza florística (176 espécies) foi surpreendentemente alta para uma área amostral relativamente pequena, sendo ainda maior (192) quando somadas às espécies encontradas em toda a parcela de 1 ha.…”

Section: Composição Do Estrato Regenerante E Estrutura Verticalunclassified

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

2011

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Abstract:We conducted floristic and structural surveys on arboreous component (circumference at breast high ≥ 15 cm) in 1 ha plot (100 sub-plots of 10 × 10 m) located in a stretch of Atlantic Ombrophilous Dense Forest Lowland-Lower montane transition, in Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, São Paulo State. The regenerating layer (H ≥ 1.5 m and circumference at breast height < 15 cm) was sampled in 0.4 ha (40 sub-plots of 10 × 10 m) within the plot. The richness and diversity were 156 species and H' = 4.00 for the arboreous component in 1 ha, 173 and H' = 4.25 for arboreous (113 species) and regenerating (134 species) layers together in 0.4 ha, and 192 species considering the whole sample. The most abundant species in the tree layer were Euterpe edulis, with 191 individuals (14.8%), Mollinedia schottiana (5.1%), Rustia formosa (4.8%), Chrysoplhyllum flexuosum (4.7%), Coussarea meridionalis var. porophylla (4.7%) and Guapira opposita (4.4%). These species were also among the most abundant in the regenerating layer. The richest families were Myrtaceae (32 spp.), Rubiaceae (15), Fabaceae (13), Sapotaceae (10), Moraceae (eight), Euphorbiaceae (seven) and Lauraceae (six). Tree species richness varied positively with density along the vertical structure of vegetation, being higher in lower high classes, where the density is much larger. On the other hand, the evenness in these classes was lower, increasing toward the upper classes, where trees are not concentrated in few species. Keywords: diversity, phytosociology, regenerating layer, species richness, tree layer, vertical structure. Resumo: Realizamos o levantamento florístico e estrutural do componente arbóreo (PAP ≥ 15 cm) em uma parcela de 1 ha (100 sub-parcelas de 10 × 10 m) localizada em um trecho da transição Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica das Terras Baixas-Submontana, no Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo. O estrato regenerante (H ≥ 1,5 m e PAP < 15 cm) foi amostrado em 0,4 ha (40 sub-parcelas 10 × 10 m) dentro da parcela. A riqueza florística e a diversidade foram de 156 espécies e H' = 4,00 para o componente arbóreo em 1 ha, 173 e H' = 4,25 para os estratos arbóreo (113 espécies) e regenerante (134) em 0,4 ha e 192 espécies considerando toda a amostragem. As espécies mais abundantes no estrato arbóreo foram Euterpe edulis, com 191 indivíduos (14,8%), Mollinedia schottiana (5,1%), Rustia formosa (4,8%), Chrysoplhyllum flexuosum (4,7%), Coussarea meridionalis var. porophylla (4,7%) e Guapira opposita (4,4%). Estas espécies estiveram entre as mais abundantes também no estrato regenerante. As famílias com maior riqueza foram Myrtaceae (32 spp.), Rubiaceae (15), Fabaceae (13), Sapotaceae (10), Moraceae (oito), Euphorbiaceae (sete) e Lauraceae (seis). A riqueza de espécies arbóreas variou positivamente com a densidade ao longo do gradiente vertical estrutural da vegetação, sendo maior nas classes mais baixas de altura, onde a densidade é expressivamente maior. Por outro lado, nestas classes a equabilidade é mais baixa, aumentando em direção às c...

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Section: Composição Do Estrato Regenerante E Estrutura Verticalunclassified

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

2011

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“…Tentative links have been reported between the digestibility of fresh leaves to large vertebrate herbivores and litter decomposition rate (Scholes & Walker, 1993 ;Chesson, 1997). Future challenges are to study whether, or to what degree, defences against invertebrate herbivores are similar to those against vertebrate herbivores ; how effective these defences are to generalist invertebrate herbivores in comparison with specialist invertebrate herbivores or vertebrate herbivores in real ecosystems ; how different types of defence would affect interspecific variation in litter decomposibility ; and to what degree species rankings of palatability and decomposibility are modified by stress types and levels in the environments the species grow in (see Herms & Mattson, 1992 ;Louda & Collinge, 1992).…”

Section: Leaf Structure and Defence As Controllers Of Litter Decomposmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf structure and defence control litter decomposition rate across species and life forms in regional floras on two continents

Cornelissen¹,

Pérez‐Harguindeguy²,

Dı́az³

et al. 1999

New Phytologist

442

365

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There is some evidence that traits of fresh leaves that provide structural or chemical protection (' defence ') remain operational in the leaf litter and control interspecific variation in decomposition rate in or on the soil. We tested experimentally whether the negative relationship between foliar defence and litter decomposition rate is fundamental, i.e. whether it is seen consistently across higher plant species and life forms, and whether it is repeated in the floras of geographically and climatically distinct areas separated by an ocean. We employed the published results of two outdoor litter bag experiments, in which we simultaneously compared the relative mass losses (' decomposibility ') of leaf litters of a wide range of plant species. One experiment was in Co! rdoba, Argentina, and included 48 Argentine species typical of the dry, subtropical landscapes along a steep altitudinal gradient. The other was in Sheffield, UK, and hosted 72 British species typical of the temperate-Atlantic landscape there. We linked the two experiments through a similar experiment in Sheffield that hosted litters of subsets of both the Argentine and British species. We also tested fresh leaves of all species from the same areas for tensile strength (' toughness ') and relative palatability to generalist herbivorous snails in multi-species ' cafeteria ' experiments. Both in Argentina and in Great Britain there were highly significant correlations between leaf palatability (r l 0.61 ; 0.73) or leaf tensile strength (r l k0.60 ; k0.60) and litter mass loss across all species. These relationships could be explained by variation both between and within broad life-form groups. Specific leaf area (area : dry mass) of fresh leaves was consistently correlated only with litter mass loss within British life form groups. We illustrated the possible ecosystem consequences of these relationships by comparing functional traits of British species differing in leaf habit. In comparison with deciduous species, evergreens generally had innately slow growth, which corresponded to their longer-lived leaves of lower specific leaf area, higher tensile strength and lower palatability to generalist invertebrate herbivores. Correspondingly, evergreens produced more resistant leaf litter. Thus, slow-growing evergreens might maintain their position in infertile ecosystems through leaf traits that help them to conserve their nutrients efficiently and to keep nutrient mineralization low, thereby not allowing potentially fast-growing deciduous species to outcompete them.

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“…In the irrigation experiment, tannins were not expected in the control plants, since these compounds were not detected in plants used in the seasonal study at the same period of time. This may result from differences in individual plant responses in adjusting to moisture availability and a toleration to drought (Horner 1990;Louda & Collinge 1992 -0.20 -0.29 -0.16 1987), as a consequence of plant genotype and microsite differences in density, soil and moisture regimes (Kearsley & Whitham 1989). Thus, the production of tannins by some individuaIs of B. dracunculifolia during the winter may possibly occur as a resuIt of differences in microhabitat suitability and plant genetics, There were no strong relationships between the relative shoot growth rate and tannin concentration in the control treatment (Tab.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tannins in Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae): effects of seasonality, water availability and plant sex

et al. 1999

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-(Tannins in Baccharis dracul1culifolia (Asteraceae) : effects of seasonality, water availability and plant sex). Several ecological, genetic, and environrnental factors are known to influence tannin concentration in plant tissues. In this study, the effects of seasonality, water availability, and sex of the plant on tann in concentration in the dioecious shrub Baccharis dracunculifolia were assessed. The effects of water availability on plant shoot growth and its relationship to tannin concentration were also experimentally evaluated. Tannins occurred in B. dracul1culifolia from November to May, peaking during the summer (December to March). However, no relationship between tannin concentration, rainfall and temperature was found. No difference in tannin concentration and shoot growth was found between plants in lhe irrigaled and control trealments, this suggesting that tannin production was affected by factors other than water availability, such as light intensity or plant phenology. There was a negative relationship between tannin concentration and shoot growth, possibly due to a trade-offbetween these metabolic activities. Plant gender did not influence tannin concentration and shoot growth, indicating that B. dracul1culifolia did not show a differential resource allocation between male and female individuals.Key words -tannins, Baccharis dracullculifolia, irrigation, gender, phenology RESUMO -(Taninos em Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae): efeitos da sazonalidade, disponibilidade de água e sexo da planta). Vários fatores ecológicos, genéticos e ambientais podem influenciar a concentração de taninos em tecidos de uma planta. Neste estudo, os efeitos da sazonalidade, disponibilidade de água e sexo da planta sobre a concentração de taninos no arbusto dióico Baccharis dracullculifolia foram avaliados. Também foram verificados os efeitos da disponibilidade de água sobre o crescimento de ramos da planta e a relação com a concentração de taninos. Os indivíduos de B. dracullculifolia produziram taninos de novembro a maio, apresentando maiores concentrações durante o verão (dezembro a março). Entretanto, não foram encontradas relações entre a concentração de taninos e a precipitação e a temperatura, assim como também não foram observadas diferenças na concentração de taninos e crescimento de ramos entre plantas irrigadas e controle, sugerindo que a produção dessas substâncias seja afetada por outros fatores, como intensidade de luz ou fenologia da planta. Houve relação negativa entre a concentração de taninos e o crescimento de ramos, possivelmente em virtude de um "trade-off' entre estas atividades metabólicas. Não foram observadas diferenças intersexuais na concentração de taninos e crescimento de ramos, indicando que B. dracul1culifolia não apresenta distribuição diferencial de recursos entre indivíduos masculinos e femininos.

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Plant Resistance to Insect Herbivores: A Field Test of the Environmental Stress Hypothesis

Cited by 141 publications

References 85 publications

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

Leaf structure and defence control litter decomposition rate across species and life forms in regional floras on two continents

Tannins in Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae): effects of seasonality, water availability and plant sex

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