Plant Products and Their Inhibitory Activity Against Xanthine Oxidase

Abstract

Plant phytochemicals are very extensive and varied sources for medicinal compounds. The need for finding alternative remedies for several illnesses that are linked to the products of an enzyme like xanthine oxidase, motivates researchers to find in nature searching for local new better remedies. Many plants' extracts are investigated, and many other sources like honey, food, and bacteria are being found to produce inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Yet efforts are needed to find the perfect remedy with clinical effect and with no or little side effects. The aim of this review is to provide recent information on natural substances derived from plants that have the potential to inhibit xanthine oxidase, with attention to some medicinal plants from Jordan. As a consequence of the information presented in this review, several natural compounds have demonstrated to xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects which highlight them as potential candidates for application in the management of different chronic disorders. RezumatSubstanțele fitochimice din produsele vegetale sunt surse foarte variate de compuși cu efect terapeutic. Necesitatea de a găsi remedii alternative pentru mai multe afecțiuni care sunt determinate de produșii unor reacții metabolice facilitate de prezența unor enzime, precum xantin oxidaza, motivează cercetătorii în căutarea unor noi remedii cu eficacitate crescută. Diferite extracte vegetale sunt investigate în momentul de față, și multe alte surse, cum ar fi mierea, alimentele și bacteriile, ca agenți inhibitori ai xantin oxidazei. Cu toate acestea, sunt necesare eforturi pentru a găsi remedii optime cu efecte clinice bune și fără sau cu puține efecte secundare. Scopul acestui articol este de a oferi informații recente despre substanțele naturale derivate din plante care au potențialul de a inhiba xantin oxidaza, cu accent asupra unor plante medicinale din Iordania. Ca o concluzie a informațiilor prezentate, mai mulți compuși naturali au dovedit efecte inhibitoare asupra xantin oxidazei, care îi evidențiază ca potențiali candidați pentru aplicare în managementul diferitelor patologii cronice.

Identification of Anastatica hierochuntica L. Methanolic Leaves Extract-Derived Metabolites Exhibiting Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activities: In Vitro and in Silico Approaches

“…Finally, it has been reported that the methanolic leaves extract of A. hierochuntica exhibited XO inhibitory properties as it encompasses the presence of different flavonoid group. Likewise, many plant extracts rich in secondary metabolites known to reduce XO catalytic activity are systematically reviewed [23,39]. Furthermore, reports on the planar structure of flavonoids [40], and the induction of conformational change in the active site of XO rationalize the role of flavonoids as a potential XO inhibitors.…”

Nilai IC50 Ekstrak dan Fraksi Daun Benalu Kersen terhadap Enzim Xantin Oksidase

“…Pada tahap fraksinasi, campuran dua jenis pelarut pada setiap rasio memiliki sifat polaritas yang berbeda. Sifat polaritas pelarut dapat ditentukan dengan nilai konstanta dielektrik [8,17]. Semakin tinggi nilai konstanta dielektrik maka semakin tinggi juga sifat polar sebuah pelarut.…”

“…Potensi interaksi ikatan hidrogen antara gugus 5-OH dan gugus Mo-OH kemungkinan membantu mengorientasikan kuersetin tetapi tidak berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap pengikatannya yang erat. Struktur kristal saat ini menunjukkan bahwa gugus C-4 karbonil dan 3-OH dari kuersetin terlibat dalam interaksi ikatan hidrogen dengan gugus karboksilat rantai samping Glu 802 enzim, meskipun beberapa studi kinetik menyimpulkan bahwa 3 gugus -OH tidak memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap afinitas pengikatan [8,30].…”

“…Banyak tanaman ternyata memiliki metabolit sekunder yang mampu menghambat enzim xantin oksidase, salah satunya adalah tanaman kersen (Muntingia calabura L.). Menurut penelitian terdahulu, tanaman kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) baik secara in vivo oleh Handayani dkk pada tahun Article history 2022 maupun in vitro oleh Burhan dkk pada tahun 2018 mampu menjadi alternatif karena mengandung kuersetin, kaempferol, rutin, antosianidin, proantosianidin, daidzein, dan asam galat yang merupakan senyawa penghambat xantin oksidase [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Arcangelisia flava

“…Flavones and flavonols have higher potential as competitive inhibitors than other flavonoid groups because hydroxyl group is easier to capture electrons from the active site of the xanthine oxidase [6]. The bioactive plant components as luteolin, quercetin, isorhamnein, chrysin, galangin, cajaninstilbene acid, and prosapogenin inhibit xanthin oxidase more effectively than allopurinol [7].…”