Plant Phenols in Flue‐Cured Tobaccos Fertilized at Different Rates<sup>1</sup>

Andersen, Roger A.; Chaplin, J. F.; Currin, R. E.; Ford, Z. T.

doi:10.2134/agronj1970.00021962006200030032x

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Effects of some agronomic variables on pyrolyzate catechol levels for selected tobacco varieties are shown in Table III. The apparent inverse relationship of pyrolyzate catechol with nitrogen application closely correlates with the observations of Andersen et al (1970) that leaf polyphenol content is lowered with increased nitrogen availability. The trend in pyrolyzate catechol yields for leaf samples obtained from the upper, middle, and lower stalk positions is reasonable, since leaf tannins increase dramatically from lower to middle stalk positions and reach maximum concentrations in the upper stalk positions (Tso, 1972).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Pyrolytic studies on the contribution of tobacco leaf constituents to the formation of smoke catechols

Schlotzhauer¹,

Martin²,

Snook³

et al. 1982

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Pyrolyses of different tobacco leaf varieties, under conditions designed to simulate cigarette smoke formation, demonstrated a correlation between leaf polyphenol levels and pyrolyzate catechol. Bright tobacco varieties contained significantly higher levels of polyphenols as compared to identically cured Burley tobacco varieties and produced correspondingly higher pyrolyzate catechol yields. Leaf constituents, including polyphenols, lignin, cellulose, and sugars, were pyrolyzed to determine potential conversion to catechol and alkylcatechols. Chlorogenic acid, the polyphenol generally present in highest amounts in tobacco leaf, produced the highest pyrolytic conversions to catechol and 4-ethylcatechol. Flavanoids (rutin and quercetin) produced lesser amounts of catechol and 4-alkylcatechols. The polymeric phenolic leaf constituent, lignin, produced significant yields of catechol.Catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene), considered an active cocarcinogen (Van Duuren et al., 1973) and the most abundant phenol in cigarette smoke, has been identified (Schlotzhauer et al., 1978;Hecht et al., 1981) as the principal component of the weakly acidic fraction of cigarette smoke condensate which has been shown to possess tumor-promoting activity (Wynder and Hoffmann, 1964;Bock et al., 1969Bock et al., ,1971. A number of compounds, known to be present in tobacco leaf, have been shown to produce catechol under various pyrolytic conditions. Zane and Wender (1963) produced catechol and alkylcatechols by thermal degradation of the leaf tannin, chlorogenic acid, and of the flavanoids, rutin and quercetin, at reported melt temperatures of 600 °C. Caffeic acid, a structural component of chlorogenic acid, was reported (Jones and Schmeltz, 1968) to produce catechol (31.60 mol % yield) by hot tube (700 °C) pyrolysis under nitrogen. Since neither of these studies attempted to closely simulate actual conditions occurring in a burning cigarette, no realistic quantitative relationships between these leaf constituents and smoke catechol levels were determined. Recently, Camella et al. (1980) extracted tobacco leaf with hexane, chloroform, benzene, and methanol and concluded, through pyrolysis studies, that the catechol precursors resided mainly in the methanol extract, which contained chlorogenic acid and sugars. Using a method designed to simulate the formation of cigarette smoke (Schlotzhauer et al., 1979), Schlotzhauer and Chortyk (1981), by pyrolysis

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Pyrolytic studies on the contribution of tobacco leaf constituents to the formation of smoke catechols

Schlotzhauer¹,

Martin²,

Snook³

et al. 1982

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…With maturity there was a trend for lower polyphenol production at higher nitrogen level. Andersen et al (1970) and Loche and Chouteau (1967) reported a similar but larger effect between levels of nitrogen fertilization and polyphenol content in tobacco leaves. It is apparent from our results that the levels of chlorogenic acid and rutin in fresh and air-dried samples are higher in Coker 139 (Figure 4) than in Burley 21 (Figure 5).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Penn and Weybrew (1958) reported that levels of chlorogenic acid varied only slightly with curing; however, Nagasawa (1958) and Walker and Lee (1968) found an appreciable increase in chlorogenic acid with curing. Conversely, Keller and Kasperbauer (1969) found that with storage there were moderate losses in chlorogenic acid content . Andersen et al (1970) recently reported that polyphenol content of flue-cured tobacco decreased with increased nitrogen fertilization; however, Tso et al (1967) showed that the sums of chlorogenic acid, rutin, scopolin, and scopoletin increased with increased nitrogen fertilization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Variation in sterols, alkaloids, and polyphenols of two nicotiana varieties under different nitrogen fertilization and drying processes

Bush¹,

Grünwald²,

Keller³

1971

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Coker 139 and Burley 21 were cultured under high and low levels of nitrogen fertilization and sampled throughout the growing season. Analyses of polyphenols, alkaloids, and sterols were performed on primed fresh leaves, air-dried leaves, and oven-dried leaves. Coker 139 had higher quantities of rutin and chlorogenic acid than Burley 21, and in both varieties the polyphenols decreased over the growing season.

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“…The activities of such two enzymes during flue-curing determine polyphenol contents [39]. Polyphenol contents in tobacco leaves rise with maturity and polyphenol accumulation begins to decrease when reaching physiological maturity [40]. Polyphenol content in flue-cured tobacco leaves at 123 DAT is higher than those at 116 DAT and 130 DAT, indicating that 123 DAT is moderately mature and a lot of polyphenols are accumulated in fresh tobacco leaves.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic changes in physiological and biochemical properties of flue-cured tobacco of different leaf ages during flue-curing and their effects on yield and quality

Chen

Kawaguchi

et al. 2019

BMC Plant Biol

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BackgroundThe leaf age for harvesting flue-cured tobacco leaves is closely related to the quality of tobacco leaves, so an appropriate leaf age for harvesting is important for improving yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco, however, at present, there are few studies on effects of leaf age on physiological and biochemical changes during flue-curing and there is no clear standard of proper leaf ages for harvesting in production.ResultsIn the Yunnan tobacco-growing area, an experiment was carried from 2016 to 2017 and different leaf ages were set. The results demonstrate that leaf age has a significant on tissue cell gap, leaf age and flue-curing stages exert significant effects on upper epidermis, palisade and spongy tissue, and leaf thickness of tobacco leaves. The thicknesses of upper and lower epidermis as well as palisade and spongy tissues at different ages show an approximately W-shaped change trend during flue-curing. With the advance of flue-curing stages, contents of starch, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and water in tobacco leaves at different leaf ages decrease, while polyphenol and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increase. The older the leaf, the faster the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and water contents reduce, while the faster the polyphenol and MDA content rise during flue-curing. The flue-cured tobacco leaves at 116 DAT (days after transplanting) show the highest contents of total nitrogen and nicotine, followed by 123 DAT and those at 130 DAT are the lowest; however, the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar demonstrate a contrary tendency, and the starch content at 116 DAT is much lower than those in the other two treatments. The proportion of superior tobacco, average price, yield, and output value of upper tobacco leaves at different leaf ages are the highest at 123 DAT. The highest sensory evaluation score is found at 123 DAT, while that at 130 DAT is significantly lower in comparison with the other two treatments.ConclusionsTobacco leaves harvested at 123 DAT are mature and exhibit a low degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, moderate chemical compositions, and high economic value. 123 DAT improves availability of tobacco leaves.

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Plant Phenols in Flue‐Cured Tobaccos Fertilized at Different Rates¹

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

Pyrolytic studies on the contribution of tobacco leaf constituents to the formation of smoke catechols

Pyrolytic studies on the contribution of tobacco leaf constituents to the formation of smoke catechols

Variation in sterols, alkaloids, and polyphenols of two nicotiana varieties under different nitrogen fertilization and drying processes

Dynamic changes in physiological and biochemical properties of flue-cured tobacco of different leaf ages during flue-curing and their effects on yield and quality

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Plant Phenols in Flue‐Cured Tobaccos Fertilized at Different Rates1

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

Pyrolytic studies on the contribution of tobacco leaf constituents to the formation of smoke catechols

Pyrolytic studies on the contribution of tobacco leaf constituents to the formation of smoke catechols

Variation in sterols, alkaloids, and polyphenols of two nicotiana varieties under different nitrogen fertilization and drying processes

Dynamic changes in physiological and biochemical properties of flue-cured tobacco of different leaf ages during flue-curing and their effects on yield and quality

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Plant Phenols in Flue‐Cured Tobaccos Fertilized at Different Rates¹