Plant phenolic acids induce programmed cell death of a fungal pathogen: MAPK signaling and survival of <i>Cochliobolus heterostrophus</i>

Shalaby, Samer; Larkov, Olga; Lamdan, Netta-Li; Goldshmidt-Tran, Orit; Horwitz, Benjamin A.

doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13528

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…The exposure of the maize pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus to ferulic acid (FA) results in the rapid dephosphorylation of Hog1 [8]. FA, a ubiquitous plant phenolic present in the cell walls of stems and leaves, is thought to act as an antimicrobial defense molecule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Roles of the Hog1 Protein Phosphatases of the Maize Pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Zuchman

Koren

Horwitz

2021

JoF

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Protein phosphorylation cascades are universal in cell signaling. While kinome diversity allows specific phosphorylation events, relatively few phosphatases dephosphorylate key signaling proteins. Fungal mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK), in contrast to their mammalian counterparts, often show detectable basal phosphorylation levels. Dephosphorylation, therefore, could act as a signal. In Cochliobolus heterostrophus, the Dothideomycete causing Southern corn leaf blight, ferulic acid (FA)—an abundant phenolic found in plant host cell walls—acts as a signal to rapidly dephosphorylate the stress-activated MAP kinase Hog1 (High Osmolarity Glycerol 1). In order to identify the protein phosphatases responsible, we constructed mutants in Hog1 phosphatases predicted from the genome by homology to yeast and other species. We found that Cochliobolus heterostrophus mutants lacking PtcB, a member of the PP2C family, exhibited altered growth, sporulation, and attenuated dephosphorylation in response to FA. The loss of the dual-specificity phosphatase CDC14 led to slow growth, decreased virulence, and attenuated dephosphorylation. Mutants in two predicted tyrosine phosphatase genes PTP1 and PTP2 showed normal development and virulence. Our results suggest that a network of phosphatases modulate Hog1’s dual phosphorylation levels. The mutants we constructed in this work provide a starting point to further unravel the signaling hierarchy by which exposure to FA leads to stress responses in the pathogen.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Roles of the Hog1 Protein Phosphatases of the Maize Pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Zuchman

Koren

Horwitz

2021

JoF

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“…Increased ferulic and coumaric acids level has been also associated to 465 tomato resistance to pathogens in resistant cultivars (Gayoso et al, 2010). The exact antifungal 466 mechanism of phenolic compounds is not yet fully elucidated, but may involve direct fungilytic 467 activity by disrupting cell membrane as well as inhibition of mycelial growth or the activation of 468 specific signalling pathways (Hayashi, 1997;Martins et al, 2015;Shalaby et al, 2016). 0.26 ± 0.00 (0.5%) a Quantified as quercetin-3 glucoside equivalent with the exception of the kaempferol-derivative which were quantified as kaempferol equivalent Water and ethanol extracts were prepared by dissolving 20 mg of powder obtained from the extraction procedures in 1 mL of the respective solvent.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phenolic compounds profile of water and ethanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. leaves showing antioxidant and antifungal properties

Mekam

Martini

Julienne

et al. 2019

South African Journal of Botany

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1The bioactive chemical constituents of water and ethanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. leaves have 2 been identified and quantified using an un-targeted mass spectrometric approach. The study allowed 3 the tentative identification of 123 individual phenolic compounds and 18 non-phenolic 4 phytochemicals, most of them described in Euphorbia hirta L. leaves for the first time. 5 Gallotannins, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids were the most abundant phenolic classes 6 in Euphorbia hirta L. leaves, representing together the 71. 5% (26.3%, 25.2% and 20%, 7 respectively) of the total amount of identified phenolics. The main phenolic compounds detected 8 were tri-O-galloyl-glucose isomers, feruloyl-coniferin, tetra-O-galloyl-glucose isomers, di-O-9 galloyl-glucose isomers, ethyl-gallic acid, protocatechuic acid-O-pentoside-O-hexoside, 5-O-10 caffeoyl-quinic acid trans isomer and digalloyl-quinic acid. Feruloyl-coniferin was found to be 11 approximately six times more concentrated in the ethanol extract with respect to the water extract. 12 The ethanol extract exhibited higher ABTS (1338.3 ± 85.3 and 802.3 ± 91.0 μmol ascorbic acid 13 equivalent/gram of dry extract, respectively) and superoxide anion (2014.6 ± 78.6 and 1528.0 ± 14 111.7 μmol ascorbic acid equivalent/gram of dry extract, respectively) scavenging abilities than the 15 water extract. Additionally, the ethanol extract also showed a remarkable anti-fungal effect against 16 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani. This study 17 provides new information about Euphorbia hirta L., offering reasons to promote this plant species 18 as rich source of phenolics and an excellent source of antifungal molecules that might have a 19 prospective use in controlling fungal diseases of vegetable crops. 20 Euphorbia hirta L. (E. hirta) is a plant species commonly found in all tropical countries worldwide, 23 including Cameroon. E. hirta belongs to the spurge family of Euphorbiaceae. Although it can be 24 seen lying down sometimes, it is usually upright, slender-stemmed, spreading up to 80 cm tall (Abu 25 et al., 2011). 26E. hirta is a very popular medicinal herb and has been used since ancient times as decoction or 27 infusion in traditional remedies to treat gastro-intestinal diseases and disorders (e.g. intestinal 28 parasites, diarrhoea and peptic ulcer), skin problems and asthma (Huang et al., 2012). More 29 recently, extracts from E. hirta have shown a broad range of biological properties, including 30 antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic activities 31 (Almosnid et al., 2018;Kumar et al., 2010;Li et al., 2015). Several phytochemicals have been 32 already extracted and identified from E. hirta leaves, such as terpenoids, coumarins, lignans and 33 phenolic compounds (Kumar et al., 2010;Li et al., 2015;Yi et al., 2012). The latter components, 34 widely known for their antioxidant and biological activities, have been rarely investigated. In this 3...

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“…When plant leaves are treated with chitin, extracellular signals can be transferred into the cell through the recognition of receptors on the cell membrane, and the signal is transfected to the MAPK pathway. MAPK-related proteins are phosphorylated and activate transcription factors in the nucleus to regulate the expression of downstream defense-related proteins, such as PR protein [ 55 ]. Although the biological function of PR-1 remains obscure, there is substantial evidence that PR-1 is involved in cellular defense during pathogen interactions with plants [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectors of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Suppressing the Pathogenic-Associated Molecular Pattern-Triggered Immune Response Were Screened by Transient Expression of Wheat Protoplasts

Chen

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stripe rust, and the effector protein secreted by haustoria is a very important component involved in the pathogenic process. Although the candidate effector proteins secreted by Pst haustoria have been predicted to be abundant, few have been functionally validated. Our study confirmed that chitin and flg22 could be used as elicitors of the pathogenic-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune (PTI) reaction in wheat leaves and that TaPr-1-14 could be used as a marker gene to detect the PTI reaction. In addition, the experimental results were consistent in wheat protoplasts. A rapid and efficient method for screening and identifying the effector proteins of Pst was established by using the wheat protoplast transient expression system. Thirty-nine Pst haustorial effector genes were successfully cloned and screened for expression in the protoplast. We identified three haustorial effector proteins, PSEC2, PSEC17, and PSEC45, that may inhibit the response of wheat to PTI. These proteins are localized in the somatic cytoplasm and nucleus of wheat protoplasts and are highly expressed during the infection and parasitism of wheat.

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Plant phenolic acids induce programmed cell death of a fungal pathogen: MAPK signaling and survival of Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Cited by 13 publications

References 43 publications

Developmental Roles of the Hog1 Protein Phosphatases of the Maize Pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Developmental Roles of the Hog1 Protein Phosphatases of the Maize Pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus

Phenolic compounds profile of water and ethanol extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. leaves showing antioxidant and antifungal properties

Effectors of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Suppressing the Pathogenic-Associated Molecular Pattern-Triggered Immune Response Were Screened by Transient Expression of Wheat Protoplasts

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