Plant ion channels and transporters in herbivory-induced signalling

Abstract

In contrast to many biotic stresses that plants face, feeding by herbivores produces unique mechanical and chemical signatures. Plants have evolved effective systems to recognise these mechanical stimuli and chemical elicitors at the plasma membrane (PM), where this recognition generates ion fluxes, including an influx of Ca2+ that elicits cellular Ca2+ signalling, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and variation in transmembrane potential. These signalling events also function in propagation of long-distance signals (Ca2+ waves, ROS waves, and electrical signals), which contribute to rapid, systemic induction of defence responses. Recent studies have identified several candidate channels or transporters that likely produce these ion fluxes at the PM. Here, we describe the important roles of these channels/transporters in transduction or transmission of herbivory-induced early signalling events, long-distance signals, and jasmonic acid and green leaf volatile signalling in plants.

Herbivore exposure alters ion fluxes and improves salt tolerance in a desert shrub

“…JA is one of the most important signalling molecules in plant defence against herbivores (Arimura et al, 2011;Chehab et al, 2008;Fürstenberg-Hägg et al, 2013;Luo et al, 2017). JA precursors, such as 13-(S)-hydroxyperoxyoctadecadi (tri)enoic acid, 11-(S)hydroperoxyhexadeca (tri)enoic acid, and 12-oxophytodienoicacid (cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid), accumulate in plants after damage by insect herbivores, allowing the plant to begin to upregulate the biosynthesis of JA and its derivatives (MeJA, and JA-isoleucine) at the damaged site (Fürstenberg-Hägg et al, 2013).…”

A chromosome‐scale genome of Rhus chinensis Mill. provides new insights into plant–insect interaction and gallotannins biosynthesis

“…Gallling insects reprogram the morphology and physiology of host plants to benefit herbivores (Nabity et al., 2013; Sopow et al., 2003; Takeda et al., 2021). In general, insects induce changes in the transmembrane potential of the cell membrane surface, an increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ concentration, an outbreak of reactive oxygen species, the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and phytohormonal imbalances (Erb et al., 2012; Luo et al., 2018; Xu, Qian, et al., 2019). Galling insects perform one of the most intriguing forms of parasitic symbiosis found in nature by modifying the host plant's development program, leading to the formation of new plant organs, where galling insects feed and grow (Giron et al., 2016).…”

The WRKY46–MYC2 module plays a critical role in E-2-hexenal-induced anti-herbivore responses by promoting flavonoid accumulation

“…Intact cells can respond to multiple effectors and produce a series of rapid and efficient signaling events that elicit changes in the expression of defense-related genes and metabolite levels, leading to a concerted defense response ( Zebelo and Maffei, 2015 ; Luo et al., 2018 ). When insect herbivores feed on or wound plants, the resulting spike in Ca 2+ levels specifically transmits signals through various sensors, activating the expression of defense genes or inducing phytohormone biosynthesis ( Zebelo and Maffei, 2015 ; Toyota et al., 2018 ; Yan et al., 2018 ).…”