Plant-Insect Herbivore Interactions in Elevated Atmospheric CO 2 : Quantitative Analyses and Guild Effects

Do Elevated Temperature and CO2 Generally Have Counteracting Effects on Phenolic Phytochemistry of Boreal Trees?

“…Generally, elevated CO 2 increased the accumulation of total CBSC and specific carbon-based secondary compounds as has been proven in previous studies (Lincoln et al, 1993;Bezemer and Jones, 1998;Hunter, 2001;Zvereva and Kozlov, 2006). However, the climate changes predicted also include rising temperatures, and in this study, changes of only 2 K eliminated the effect of elevated CO 2 on analyzed carbon-based secondary compounds within the leaves.…”

“…It could be assumed that CO 2 enhancement either increased the synthesis or decreased the turnover rate, and that temperature elevation caused the opposite. For almost all of the plant species previously studied, the carbohydrate concentrations of leaves have been reported to rise by an average of 47% in response to elevated CO 2 (Bezemer and Jones, 1998). In the present study, the carbohydrate concentrations were not measured, but specific leaf weights increased under enriched CO 2 , which may be a result of starch accumulating in the leaves.…”

“…The effect of rising temperature may be similar to the nonlinear effect of fertilization on CBSCs (Herms and Mattson, 1992;Herms, 2002). Some insect species feeding on these plants have increased consumption and reduced growth (e.g., Bezemer and Jones, 1998;Veteli et al, 2002;Zvereva and Kozlov, 2006), and, therefore, may be subjected to natural enemies for a longer time under elevated CO 2 . Higher temperatures, on the other hand, may directly compensate for some of the negative effects of increased CO 2 ; increasing temperatures affect the distribution of some species by shifting ranges poleward and altitudinally upward (e.g., Parmesan et al, 1999;Battisti et al, 2005).…”

“…For example, a review of the literature on CO 2 elevation by Bezemer and Jones (1998) revealed that leaf nitrogen concentration decreased on average by 15%, whereas carbohydrates and plant phenolics increased by 47% and 31%, respectively. Zvereva and Kozlov (2006), in their metaanalysis of the consequences of the simultaneous elevation of CO 2 and temperature on plant traits, made similar conclusions about CO 2 effects, but concluded that temperature alone typically had opposite effects, whereas temperature and CO 2 combined had negligible effects.…”

Tissue chemistry and carbon allocation in seedlings of Pinus palustris subjected to elevated atmospheric CO2 and water stress

“…Many of the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration are likely to be indirect and manifested as changes in secondary reactions such as the production of secondary defense compounds that influence plant-herbivore and plant-microbe interactions (Kinney et al 1997, Bezemer andJones 1998). The CO2-induced changes in the quality of plant tissues influence insect herbivory (Lincoln and Couvet 1989, Fajer et al 1992, Kinney et al 1997) and the incidence and severity of plant diseases (Thompson et al 1993, Thompson andDrake 1994).…”