Plant hormone induced enrichment of Chlorella sp. omega-3 fatty acids

Abstract

Background: Omega-3 fatty acids have various health benefits in combating against neurological problems, cancers, cardiac problems and hypertriglyceridemia. The main dietary omega-3 fatty acids are obtained from marine fish. Due to the pollution of marine environment, recently microalgae are considered as the promising source for the omega-3 fatty acid production. However, the demand and high production cost associated with microalgal biomass make it necessary to implement novel strategies in improving the biomass and omega-3 fatty acids from microalgae. Results: Four plant hormones zeatin, indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GBA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were investigated for their effect on the production of biomass and lipid in isolated Chlorella sp. The cells showed an increase of the biomass and lipid content after treatments with the plant hormones where the highest stimulatory effect was observed in ABA-treated cells. On the other hand, IAA showed the highest stimulatory effect on the omega-3 fatty acids content, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (23.25%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (26.06%). On the other hand, cells treated with ABA had highest lipid content suitable for the biodiesel applications. The determination of ROS markers, antioxidant enzymes, and fatty acid biosynthesis genes after plant hormones treatment helped elucidate the mechanism underlying the improvement in biomass, lipid content and omega-3 fatty acids. All four plant hormones upregulated the fatty acid biosynthesis genes, whereas IAA particularly increased omega-3-fatty acids as a result of the upregulation of omega-3 fatty acid desaturase. Conclusions: The contents of omega-3 fatty acids, the clinically important compounds, were considerably improved in IAA-treated cells. The highest lipid content obtained from ABA-treated biomass can be used for biodiesel application according to its biodiesel properties. The EPA and DHA enriched ethyl esters are an approved form of omega-3 fatty acids by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which can be utilized as the therapeutic treatment for the severe hypertriglyceridemia.

In vitro cultured and supply chain porang in South Sumatra

“…While at the explant stage, the porang callus was at PortLT 3 (2ppm) of 99.17%. This finding is in line with the studies of [23] and [24], with the statement that the need for exogenous hormones at the shoot stage is highly dependent on the input of endogenous hormones from explants at the embryogenetic stage. The mechanism of this callus process occurs when treatment is given to explants at the embryogenetic stage.…”

“…This trait is due to the very small amount of endogenous hormone in the PortLT 0 callus so that exogenous plant growth substances are needed in the organic pesticides my-1 to help the endogenous hormones present in porang. This result is also explained from the study of [23] which proves the addition of auxin or cytokinin in culture media. This auxin becomes an increase in the concentration of endogenous growth regulators in the cell so that it becomes a trigger factor for the process of tissue development.…”

Joint Biofortification of Plants with Selenium and Iodine: New Field of Discoveries

“…Furthermore, in conditions of joint Se–I hydroponics application, the activation of Se organic forms biosynthesis (SeMet, SeCys) reportedly takes place [ 38 , 41 ]. Though phytohormones are known to participate in plant Se accumulation [ 55 , 56 ], induce enrichment of chlorella with omega-3 fatty acids [ 57 ], take part to plant protection against heavy metals uptake [ 40 , 58 ], the investigations of Smolen et al [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ] did not reveal any significant interaction between salicylic acid and Se.…”

The Application of Phytohormones as Biostimulants in Corn Smut Infected Hungarian Sweet and Fodder Corn Hybrids

“…Phytohormones play a role in the stimulation of fatty acid biosynthesis, mitigate the negative effects of oxidative burst, and increase lipid production [ 67 , 68 ]. Sivaramakrishnan and Incharoernsakdi [ 69 ] noticed that MDA content was significantly higher after IAA and GA treatments in Chlorella sp. Higher MDA content was observed at IAA relative to GA with a concentration of 1 mM.…”