Plant functional types can predict decade‐scale changes in fire‐prone vegetation

Abstract

Summary1. Plant functional types (PFTs) are groups of species sharing traits that govern their mechanisms of response to environmental perturbations such as recurring fires, inundation, grazing, biological invasions and global climate change. The key components of a PFT approach are an underlying model of vegetation dynamics for a given system and a classification of functional types based on traits deduced from key processes in the model. 2. Prediction and generalization underpin the potential utility of the PFT approach for understanding ecosystem behaviour. For PFTs to be useful in ecosystem management, they (in concert with their underlying model) must reliably predict vegetation change under given environmental scenarios and they must produce robust generalizations across the species that are classified and the range of environments in which they occur. 3. The efficacy of plant functional types has been explored using various approaches in a wide range of ecosystems. However, very few studies have tested the accuracy and generality of PFT predictions against vegetation changes observed empirically over medium to long time scales. 4. We applied this approach to examine the predictive accuracy and generality of a PFT classification and an associated model of vegetation dynamics for a fire-prone, species-rich wet heathland in south-eastern Australia. We assigned each species to one of six PFTs derived using a deductive approach based on the vital attributes scheme. We measured their initial abundance at a set of sample sites distributed across local environmental gradients. We used the PFT traits and processes in the underlying model to predict qualitative changes in abundance in response to a fire regime scenario observed at the sample sites during a subsequent period of 21 years. We then re-surveyed the sample sites to compare predictions with observed changes in abundance. 5. The PFTs and their underlying model produced an accurate prediction of average vegetation responses over the 21-year period. The majority of species within each PFT exhibited the predicted response and few species had strongly opposing responses in different environments. However, not all species within a PFT underwent the predicted direction of change, and responses of individual species were not uniform across the environmental gradients. 6. Synthesis . We conclude that plant functional types based on vital attributes are very useful tools for prediction and generalization in ecosystem management, although interpretations need to be tempered by the fact that PFTs may not accurately predict responses of all species across all environments.

Phylogenetic and functional dissimilarity does not increase during temporal heathland succession

“…The vegetation is fire-prone, with the herbaceous component regenerating rapidly and gradually becoming overtopped by shrubs within 5-6 years post-fire [33]. The soils, which derive from sandstone, tend to be highly infertile, acidic and silaceous.…”

Environmental factors predict community functional composition in Amazonian forests

“…Previous studies found that plant functional types responded predictably to changes in environmental conditions, such as soil resources or climate (e.g. Chapin et al 1996;Berry & Roderick 2002), but plant functional types determined in one ecosystem often failed when applied in other ecosystems (Keith et al 2007;Harrison et al 2010). Using plant functional traits to address this issue represents a more promising approach (Suding & Goldstein 2008;Ordonez et al 2009;Webb et al 2010), though predicting community functional composition via trait-based environmental filtering remains an important challenge (Lebrija-Trejos et al 2010;Laughlin et al 2011;Liu et al 2012).…”

High Functional Diversity is Related to High Nitrogen Availability in a Deciduous Forest – Evidence from a Functional Trait Approach

“…If the trait shows responses to changes in environmental conditions it is called a response trait; the values or modality taken by a trait at a point of an environmental gradient is called an attribute (Violle et al 2007). A group of functional traits is called a plant functional type (PFT), but to be ecological meaningful each PFT should contain the most parsimonious number of traits only (as less traits as possible, but as much as needed; Keith et al 2007;Bernhardt-Römermann et al 2008). Using such PFTs we can estimate which functional trait composition is the result of differences in nitrogen availability on the estimated nitrogen gradient.…”