Plant extract assisted synthesis of reduced graphene oxide sheet and the photocatalytic performances on cationic and anionic dyes to decontaminate wastewater

Abstract

Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has gained momentum over chemical methods due to its environmental compatibility. The present study deals with the green synthesis of the RGO sheet using the bark extract of Alstonia scholaris by the simple heating method in less time duration. Different characterizations such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirm the formation of RGO and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study shows that the synthesized material is a few-layered RGO sheet. The result of the photoluminescence (PL) study explores the partial reduction of graphene oxide (GO). The photocatalytic activities of the synthesized product were investigated via photo-degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). The results show that the synthesized RGO is more fruitful in cationic dye (MB) degradation than that of anionic dye (MO) depending on the electrostatic interaction between RGO and the dyes. The rate of photocatalytic performance of the nanocomposite on MB dye is 40 times greater than that of MO dye.

Biogenic synthesis of reduced graphene oxide from Ziziphus spina-christi (Christ’s thorn jujube) extracts for catalytic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potentialities

“…Furthermore, the small shoulder of GO at 335 nm disappeared in rGO samples. A similar observation is reported using other plant extracts (Ghosh et al 2021). Ding et al (2011) mentioned the red shift of the absorption band at 230 to 260 nm and the disappearance of the 300-nm band as an indication for the successful green synthesis of rGO nanosheets.…”

“…CoTPP (tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin)/rGO/ MWCNTs (multiwalled carbon nanotubes) nanocomposite that was prepared by Kiran et al (2020) resulted in 50% degradation of 5 ppm MB in 70 min. Ghosh et al (2021) showed that rGO, prepared by the bark extract of Alstonia scholaris, can degrade 12 ppm MB with 94.67% in 210 min. Consequently, the synthesized rGO possesses well efficiency in line with other phytosynthesized rGOs so it is thought to be a good catalyst for catalytic degradation of MB and other hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater.…”

“…Plants' great potential in graphene synthesis is due to the wide variety of effective phytochemicals such as flavones, ketones, amides, terpenoids, phenols carboxylic acids, proteins, coenzymes, and carbohydrates that are able to effectively reduce graphene oxide into rGO (Verma and Chandel 2019). Various plant extracts were used to phytosynthesized rGO with the purpose of different applications in environment and medicine (Akhavan et al 2014), for instance, leaf extract of eucalyptus species and rGO application in dye removal (Jin et al 2018), Cannabis sativa L, Punica granatum L, and Phoenix dactylifera to evaluate their reduction activity in preparation of rGO (Ousaleh et al 2020), fruit of Phyllanthus emblica for rGO in supercapacitor application (Madhuri et al 2021), bark extract of Alstonia scholaris and rGO application anionic and cationic dyes decontamination (Ghosh et al 2021), and green tea polyphenols and rGO application in cancer therapy (Akhavan et al 2012). However, no literature is available on using the leaf extract of Ziziphus spina-christi for reducing graphene oxide.…”

Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide Involving Extracts of Plants from Different Taxonomy Groups

“…The adsorption capacity (q max ) of rGO synthesized from Citrus hystrix peel extract on MB was determined to be 276.06 mg/g at room temperature [93]. Ghosh et al [97] reported the photocatalytic activity of rGO synthesis using the bark extract of Alstonia scholaris (with a duration of three hours) toward MB and methyl orange (MO). It has been demonstrated that MB degrades at a rate of 95.29%, whereas MO degrades at a rate of only 6%.…”

Green Reduction of Graphene Oxide Involving Extracts of Plants from Different Taxonomy Groups and Its Applications

“…The adsorption capacity (qmax) of synthesis rGO from Citrus hystrix peel extract on MB was determined to be 276.06 mg/g at room temperature [92]. Ghosh et al [96] reported the photocatalytic activity of rGO synthesis using the bark extract of Alstonia scholaris (time duration 3 hour) towards MB and methyl orange (MO). It has been demonstrated that MB degrades at a rate of 95.29 %, whereas MO degrades at a rate of only 6 %.…”