Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

The unique biological and physicochemical characteristics of biogenic (green-synthesized) nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted significant interest in different fields, with applications in the agrochemical, food, medication delivery, cosmetics, cellular imaging, and biomedical industries. To synthesize biogenic nanomaterials, green synthesis techniques use microorganisms, plant extracts, or proteins as bio-capping and bio-reducing agents and their role as bio-nanofactories for material synthesis at the nanoscale size. Green chemistry is environmentally benign, biocompatible, nontoxic, and economically effective. By taking into account the findings from recent investigations, we shed light on the most recent developments in the green synthesis of nanomaterials using different types of microbes and plants. Additionally, we cover different applications of green-synthesized nanomaterials in the food and textile industries, water treatment, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the future perspectives of the green synthesis of nanomaterials to advance their production and applications.

Green electrochemical nanosensor platform design for mexiletine detection based on Citrus reticulata peel-mediated iron nanoparticles and quantum dots and investigation of the adsorption mechanism by the DFT-D3 method

“…''Green chemistry'' has reduced or eliminated hazardous chemical reagents, reactions, solvents, reaction conditions, and wastes in numerous production processes. 14,82 Nanoparticles may now be manufactured using ''green synthesis'' 14,45,83 and advanced chemical methods. This synthesis approach eliminates harmful chemicals and costly manufacturing procedures, making nanotechnology ecologically friendly.…”

“…The geometry of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was modeled according to the literature, which were successfully synthesized and characterized by UV-vis, fluorescence and FT-IR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). 44,45 The calculated UV-vis spectra of CQDs were compared to the experimental results of our study. Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles were modeled according to their crystal structures in which each iron atom was hexagonally coordinated to oxygen atoms and shared three oxygens.…”

Therapeutic Potential of Sol–Gel ZnO Nanocrystals: Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Tri-Action

“…Flow diagram of the synthesis steps of ZnO NCs using sol−gel are shown in Figure 1. First, zinc acetate dehydrate (Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 •2H 2 O) powder was dissolved in 100 mL of methanol (CH 3 OH) to give a concentration of 0.2 M. 29 The homogeneous ZnO solution was obtained after stirring in a magnetic stirrer for 30 min. Separately, a homogeneous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a concentration of 1.0 M was prepared by dissolving 6 g of sodium hydroxide in 150 mL of deionized water after stirring at 25 °C for 30 min.…”

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized with Histidine and Phenylalanine Amino Acids for Potential Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

“…However, the use of toxic chemicals during chemical synthesis posed a major concern as they have adverse effects on the environment as well as on living beings . As a result, the need for technologies that produce nanoparticles using safe and benign processes has increased, shifting focus to biological techniques …”

“…17 for technologies that produce nanoparticles using safe and benign processes has increased, shifting focus to biological techniques. 18 Biogenic synthesis of metal NPs using simple amino acids, sugars, biodegradable polymers, vitamins, and plant phytochemicals has been reported. 19 The biological resources can be used to prepare nanoparticles that are safe for the environment, recyclable, feasible, and useful in both food technology and medicine.…”