Planning redirection techniques for optimal free walking experience using model predictive control

Nescher, Thomas; Huang, Yo-Ping; Kunz, Andreas

doi:10.1109/3dui.2014.6798851

Cited by 121 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Both Zmuda et al [31] and Nescher et al [14] used graph representations of their respective virtual environments. This graph representations are predefined and consist of nodes and edges connecting two nodes.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The compared approaches are the one used by Nescher et al [14] for redirected walking, the two cost-based approaches and one approach using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) by Zank et al [30]. The approach by Nescher et al uses a graph representation of the environment consisting of straight line segments and arc segments with 0.8m radius.…”

Section: Position Based Predictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nescher et al [14] continued in this direction and formulated the selection of the optimal technique to be applied as a model predictive control problem. This allows applying the minimal amount of redirection required to prevent the user from leaving the tracking space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye tracking for locomotion prediction in redirected walking

Zank

Kunz

2016

2016 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI)

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Model predictive control was shown to be a powerful tool for Redirected Walking when used to plan and select future redirection techniques. However, to use it effectively, a good prediction of the user's future actions is crucial. Traditionally, this prediction is made based on the user's position or current direction of movement. In the area of cognitive sciences however, it was shown that a person's gaze can also be highly indicative of his intention in both selection and navigation tasks.In this paper, this effect is used the first time to predict a user's locomotion target during goal-directed locomotion in an immersive virtual environment. After discussing the general implications and challenges of using eye tracking for prediction in a locomotion context, we propose a prediction method for a user's intended locomotion target. This approach is then compared with position based approaches in terms of prediction time and accuracy based on data gathered in an experiment.The results show that, in certain situations, eye tracking allows an earlier prediction compared approaches currently used for redirected walking. However, other recently published prediction methods that are based on the user's position perform almost as well as the eye tracking based approaches presented in this paper.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Position Based Predictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye tracking for locomotion prediction in redirected walking

Zank

Kunz

2016

2016 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI)

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“…The planning was than later formulated as an optimal control problem by Nescher et al [11] who use a cost function assigned to different redirection techniques to select the optimal redirection technique at any given time. This leads to improved performance compared to simpler approaches just using one single redirection technique.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where are you going? Using human locomotion models for target estimation

Zank

Kunz

2016

Vis Comput

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To explore virtual environments that are larger than the available physical tracking space by real walking, it is necessary to use so-called redirected walking. Redirection techniques allow the user to explore an unlimited virtual environment in a limited tracking space by introducing a small mismatch between a user's real and virtual movement, thus preventing the user from colliding with the physical walls of the tracking space. Steering algorithms are used to select the most suitable redirection technique at any given time, depending on the geometry of the real and virtual environment. Together with prediction of a user's future walking path, these algorithms select the best redirection strategy by an optimal control scheme.In this paper, a new approach for the prediction of a person's locomotion target is presented. We use various models of human locomotion together with a set of possible targets to create a set of expected paths. These paths are then compared to the real path the user already traveled in order to calculate the probability of a certain target being the one the user is heading for. A new approach for comparing paths with each other is introduced and is compared to three others. For describing the human's path to a given target, four different models are used and compared. In order to gather data for the comparison of the models against the real path,

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“…These techniques try to introduce an unnoticeable mismatch between the user's real and virtual movements to compress the larger virtual environment into a limited tracking space [40,47]. • Arm swinging: Users swing their arms while remaining stationary, and their arm movements are translated into VR motion [18,19,49].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The New Era of Virtual Reality Locomotion: A Systematic Literature Review of Techniques and a Proposed Typology

Boletsis

2017

MTI

229

193

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Abstract:The latest technical and interaction advancements that took place in the Virtual Reality (VR) field have marked a new era, not only for VR, but also for VR locomotion. Although the latest advancements in VR locomotion have raised the interest of both researchers and users in analyzing and experiencing current VR locomotion techniques, the field of research on VR locomotion, in its new era, is still uncharted. In this work, VR locomotion is explored through a systematic literature review investigating empirical studies of VR locomotion techniques from 2014-2017. The review analyzes the VR locomotion techniques that have been studied, their interaction-related characteristics and the research topics that were addressed in these studies. Thirty-six articles were identified as relevant to the literature review, and the analysis of the articles resulted in 73 instances of 11 VR locomotion techniques, such as real-walking, walking-in-place, point and teleport, joystick-based locomotion, and more. Results showed that since the VR revival, the focus of VR locomotion research has been on VR technology and various technological aspects, overshadowing the investigation of user experience. From an interaction perspective, the majority of the utilized and studied VR locomotion techniques were found to be based on physical interaction, exploiting physical motion cues for navigation in VR environments. A significant contribution of the literature review lies in the proposed typology for VR locomotion, introducing four distinct VR locomotion types: motion-based, room scale-based, controller-based and teleportation-based locomotion.

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Planning redirection techniques for optimal free walking experience using model predictive control

Cited by 121 publications

References 21 publications

Eye tracking for locomotion prediction in redirected walking

Eye tracking for locomotion prediction in redirected walking

Where are you going? Using human locomotion models for target estimation

The New Era of Virtual Reality Locomotion: A Systematic Literature Review of Techniques and a Proposed Typology

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