Planning 5G Networks Under EMF Constraints: State of the Art and Vision

Chiaraviglio, Luca; Cacciapuoti, Angela Sara; Martino, Gerardo Di; Fiore, Marco; Montesano, Mauro; Trucchi, Damiano; Melazzi, Nicola Blefari

doi:10.1109/access.2018.2868347

Cited by 93 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Recently, the research in the area of massive MIMO has mainly focused on the minimum energy efficiency requirement during the planning process, showing a particular attention to the energy consumption of the BSs deployed within the network [4]. Since the regulations on the electromagnetic field are imposing some strict limitations on the level of BS radiated power the general public is exposed to, the network operators are required to rethink their planning process accounting for the EMF exposure constraints [5]. So far, some studies related to the design of massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) 5G networks have only addressed the downlink (DL) EMF exposure level resulting from the transmission of the base stations (BS) towards the users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Objective Optimization of Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Networks towards Power Consumption, Uplink and Downlink Exposure

et al. 2019

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The rapid development of the number of wireless broadband devices requires that the induced uplink exposure be addressed during the design of the future wireless networks, in addition to the downlink exposure due to the transmission of the base stations. In this paper, the positions and power levels of massive MIMO-LTE (Multiple Input Multiple Output-Long Term Evolution) base stations are optimized towards low power consumption, low downlink and uplink electromagnetic exposure and maximal user coverage. A suburban area in Ghent, Belgium has been considered. The results show that the higher the number of BS antenna elements, the fewer number of BSs the massive MIMO network requires. This leads to a decrease of the downlink exposure (−12% for the electric field and −32% for the downlink dose) and an increase of the uplink exposure (+70% for the uplink dose), whereas both downlink and uplink exposure increase with the number of simultaneous served users (+174% for the electric field and +22% for the uplink SAR). The optimal massive MIMO network presenting the better trade-off between the power consumption, the total dose and the user coverage has been obtained with 37 64-antenna BSs. Moreover, the level of the downlink electromagnetic exposure (electric field) of the massive MIMO network is 5 times lower than the 4G reference scenario.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Objective Optimization of Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Networks towards Power Consumption, Uplink and Downlink Exposure

et al. 2019

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“…In a first step, the DL and UL EMF exposure are studied separately (E-field for the DL exposure and SAR for the UL exposure), while in a second step, the two objectives are jointly expressed in terms of the dose metric. In [76], the problem of planning a 5G network (and in particular BS sites) under EMF exposure limits has been studied. In this context, two real-world case-studies of currently deployed cellular networks have been examined.…”

Section: Network Planning and Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Study on Simulation Techniques for 5G Networks: State of the Art Results, Analysis, and Future Challenges

2020

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Ιn this review article, a comprehensive study is provided regarding the latest achievements in simulation techniques and platforms for fifth generation (5G) wireless cellular networks. In this context, the calculation of a set of diverse performance metrics, such as achievable throughput in uplink and downlink, the mean Bit Error Rate, the number of active users, outage probability, the handover rate, delay, latency, etc., can be a computationally demanding task due to the various parameters that should be incorporated in system and link level simulations. For example, potential solutions for 5G interfaces include, among others, millimeter Wave (mmWave) transmission, massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) architectures and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). Therefore, a more accurate and realistic representation of channel coefficients and overall interference is required compared to other cellular interfaces. In addition, the increased number of highly directional beams will unavoidably lead to increased signaling burden and handovers. Moreover, until a full transition to 5G networks takes place, coexistence with currently deployed fourth generation (4G) networks will be a challenging issue for radio network planning. Finally, the potential exploitation of 5G infrastructures in future electrical smart grids in order to support high bandwidth and zero latency applications (e.g., semi or full autonomous driving) dictates the need for the development of simulation environments able to incorporate the various and diverse aspects of 5G wireless cellular networks.

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“…Some other indoor RT technique-assisted studies can be found in [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Wireless channel analysis studies have been reported in order to consider other aspects, such as vehicular channel characterization and impact of infrastructure and communication link types [ 35 , 36 , 37 ], the impact of topological impact in wireless channel characterization [ 38 , 39 ], the effect of rain in mmWave 5G links [ 40 ], the impact of EMF constraints in 5G wireless system design and deployment [ 41 ] or the use of artificial intelligence assisted techniques in order to enhance functionalities such as beamforming or spectral handling, among others [ 42 , 43 ]. A summary of wireless channel characterization studies is presented in Table 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifth-Generation (5G) mmWave Spatial Channel Characterization for Urban Environments’ System Analysis

Azpilicueta

López-Iturri

Zuñiga-Mejia

et al. 2020

Sensors

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In this work, the channel characterization in terms of large-scale propagation, small-scale propagation, statistical and interference analysis of Fifth-Generation (5G) Millimeter Wave (mmWave) bands for wireless networks for 28, 30 and 60 GHz is presented in both an outdoor urban complex scenario and an indoor scenario, in order to consider a multi-functional, large node-density 5G network operation. An in-house deterministic Three-Dimensional Ray-Launching (3D-RL) code has been used for that purpose, considering all the material properties of the obstacles within the scenario at the frequency under analysis, with the aid of purpose-specific implemented mmWave simulation modules. Different beamforming radiation patterns of the transmitter antenna have been considered, emulating a 5G system operation. Spatial interference analysis as well as time domain characteristics have been retrieved as a function of node location and configuration.

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Planning 5G Networks Under EMF Constraints: State of the Art and Vision

Cited by 93 publications

References 26 publications

Multi-Objective Optimization of Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Networks towards Power Consumption, Uplink and Downlink Exposure

Multi-Objective Optimization of Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Networks towards Power Consumption, Uplink and Downlink Exposure

A Comprehensive Study on Simulation Techniques for 5G Networks: State of the Art Results, Analysis, and Future Challenges

Fifth-Generation (5G) mmWave Spatial Channel Characterization for Urban Environments’ System Analysis

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