Fifth-Generation (5G) mmWave Spatial Channel Characterization for Urban Environments’ System Analysis

Azpilicueta, Leyre; López-Iturri, Peio; Zuñiga-Mejia, Jaime; Celaya-Echarri, Mikel; Rodríguez-Corbo, Fidel Alejandro; Vargas-Rosales, César; Aguirre, Erik; Michelson, David G.; Falcone, Francisco

doi:10.3390/s20185360

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Finally, in the third phase, results analyses are performed. The 3D-RL algorithm rely on a modular programming structure, where different type of results can be obtained [124]. In this work, EMF safety analysis has been implemented as a new module providing full support for non-ionizing radiation exposure results in complex heterogeneous environments with high-node user density.…”

Section: Volume XX 2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

et al. 2021

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This work provides an intensive and comprehensive in-depth study from an empirical and modeling approach of the environmental radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) radiation exposure in public shopping malls, as an example of an indoor high-node user density context aware environment, where multiple wireless communication systems coexist. For that purpose, current personal mobile communications (2G-5G FR 1) as well as Wi-Fi services (IEEE 802.11n/ac) have been precisely analyzed in order to provide clear RF-EMF assessment insight and to verify compliance with established regulation limits. In this sense, a complete measurements campaign has been performed in different countries, with frequencyselective exposimeters (PEMs), providing real empirical datasets for statistical analysis and allowing discussion and comparison regarding current health effects and safety issues between some of the most common RF-EMF exposure safety standards: ICNIRP 2020 (Spain), IEEE 2019 (Mexico) and a more restrictive regulation (Poland). In addition, environmental RF-EMF exposure assessment simulation results, in terms of spatial E-field characterization and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) probabilities, have been provided for challenging incremental high-node user dense scenarios in worst case conditions, by means of a deterministic in-house 3D Ray-Launching (3D-RL) RF-EMF safety simulation technique, showing good agreement with the experimental measurements. Finally, discussion highlighting the contribution and effects of the coexistence of multiple heterogenous networks and services for the environmental RF-EMF radiation exposure assessment has been included, showing that for all measured results and simulated cases, the obtained E-Field levels are well below the exposure limits established in the internationally accepted standards and guidelines. In consequence, the obtained results and the presented methodology could become a starting point to stablish the RF-EMF assessment basis of future complex heterogeneous 5G FR 2 developments on the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, where massive high-node user density networks are expected.

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Section: Volume XX 2020mentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

et al. 2021

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“…Perfect channel state information (CSI) is not considered at the base station (BS), so the estimation of the CSI has been performed with the LS method to generate the dataset required to train the MLP network. Additionally, we consider realistic mmWave channels, based on an in-house deterministic Three-Dimensional Ray-Launching (3D-RL) algorithm, in which the full topological and material characteristics of the mobile scenario have been taken under consideration [13]. We run simulations of the mmWave CP-OFDM communication based on the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Release 15 specifications [14].…”

Section: A Related Work and Our Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The channel coefficients have been calculated by means of an in-house 3D-RL algorithm, optimized for mmWave frequency ranges [13], [20], [21]. The 3D-RL algorithm is based on geometrical optics (GO) and the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD).…”

Section: B Channel Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Study of Artificial Neural Network Based Channel Equalization Methods for mmWave Communications

et al. 2021

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In this paper, we compare two artificial neural networks (ANNs) approaches designed to perform channel equalization for millimeter-wave (mmWave) signals operating in the 28 GHz frequency band. We used an in-house deterministic Three-Dimensional Ray-Launching (3D-RL) code to simulate the spatial structure of mmWave channels considering the material properties of the obstacles within the scenario at the frequency under analysis. We performed offline training of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network with the simulated mmWave channels to equalize the received signal. We also performed online training of an extreme learning machine (ELM) neural network to directly get the equalized symbols at the receiver, given as input the received mmWave signal. The ANN solutions were tested in terms of the achievable spectral efficiency, bit error rate, and time to process. We compared the ANN techniques to the minimum mean square error and the zero-forcing equalizers, considering an orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing communication based on the 5G New Radio standard. We present numerical results on the performance of the proposed ANNs and show that the ELM strategy outperforms the MLP method, requiring significantly less processing time than the reviewed equalization methods.INDEX TERMS 5G and beyond, Channel equalization, ELM, Multilayer Perceptron, mmWave communications, OFDM.

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“…With increasing spectral demands, the use of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies is envisaged in the near future [ 1 ]. The potential of several mm-wave bands has been investigated for mobile or vehicular applications [ 2 , 3 ], with the 28 GHz band becoming a part of the 5G New Radio (NR) standard, while the 60 GHz band is promising in terms of its unlicensed access to spectra [ 4 ]. The mm-wave bands beyond 52 GHz are currently under investigation for use in 5G NR Release 17 [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digitally-Compensated Wideband 60 GHz Test-Bed for Power Amplifier Predistortion Experiments

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Mars̆álek

Götthans

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Millimeter waves will play an important role in communication systems in the near future. On the one hand, the bandwidths available at millimeter-wave frequencies allow for elevated data rates, but on the other hand, the wide bandwidth accentuates the effects of wireless front-end impairments on transmitted waveforms and makes their compensation more difficult. Research into front-end impairment compensation in millimeter-wave frequency bands is currently being carried out, mainly using expensive laboratory setups consisting of universal signal generators, spectral analyzers and high-speed oscilloscopes. This paper presents a detailed description of an in-house built MATLAB-controlled 60 GHz measurement test-bed developed using relatively inexpensive hardware components that are available on the market and equipped with digital compensation for the most critical front-end impairments, including the digital predistortion of the power amplifier. It also demonstrates the potential of digital predistortion linearization on two distinct 60 GHz power amplifiers: one integrated in a direct-conversion transceiver and an external one with 24 dBm output power.

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Fifth-Generation (5G) mmWave Spatial Channel Characterization for Urban Environments’ System Analysis

Cited by 20 publications

References 50 publications

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

Comparative Study of Artificial Neural Network Based Channel Equalization Methods for mmWave Communications

Digitally-Compensated Wideband 60 GHz Test-Bed for Power Amplifier Predistortion Experiments

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