Pitting of zinc: Observations on atmospheric corrosion in tropical countries

Cole, Ivan; Ganther, W. D.; Furman, Scott; Muster, Tim H.; Neufeld, Aaron K

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2009.11.002

Cited by 52 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Recent work by Cole et al 18 has indicated that in field exposures ͑1 year duration͒ of zinc in Australia and South East Asia, pitting below the oxide layer is also observed, indicating that the processes outlined in this paper for laboratory exposures may also occur in service.…”

Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Products Formed during the Interaction of Seawater Droplets with Zinc Surfaces

Cole

Muster

Lau

et al. 2010

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper reports on a study in which fine seawater droplets were placed on zinc surfaces for periods of 15 min to 6 h. After each exposure, droplets were either extracted from the specimens or allowed to evaporate in laboratory conditions. Scanning electron microscopy ͑SEM͒-energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray microdiffraction, and SEM-focused ion beam studies were undertaken on the specimens after exposure, as was in situ Raman spectroscopy on zinc covered with a saline droplet. Approximately 30 min after droplets were placed on the surface, a thin moisture layer ͑termed the secondary spreading film͒ spread out from the central droplet. As a function of position and time, oxide development in the central region was initially slow; however, after ϳ30 min, a significant local attack of the underlying microstructure occurred. Correspondingly, precipitate phases developed on top of the oxide, which produced an oxide consisting of three bands: an irregular zone with a localized metal attack and significant voids at the metal/oxide interface, overlaid by a relatively void-free layer, which in turn was overlaid by a porous zone. At the edge of the drop ͑before the secondary spreading͒, oxide growth was much faster, and the deposition of phases that precipitate in solutions appeared critical. We discuss the chemistry and identification of the various phases and the implications of oxide formation to the electrochemical processes occurring in drops.While Part I of this two-part series 1 looked at the formation of oxides on polished zinc surfaces after 1 and 2.5 day exposures to seawater droplets, here we explore oxide formation after short exposures. This paper analyzes oxide formation at the "surface" using X-ray microdiffraction ͑XRD͒ and scanning electron microscopyenergy-dispersive spectroscopy ͑SEM-EDS͒, as well as in sections through the oxide using SEM-focused ion beam ͑FIB͒. We also look at in situ oxide development using Raman spectroscopy.Part I included an extensive review of the literature on the formation of oxides, which is not repeated here. However, observations on the very early development of surface oxides are pertinent to this paper. In studies involving surface analysis under droplets, thin films in solution 2,3 or in field exposures, 4 several authors have reported a sequence whereby the initial zinc oxide is transformed to zinc hydroxide, and then a zinc carbonate ͑or zinc hydroxy carbonate͒ layer forms on top before a final layer of zinc hydroxy anions forms ͑the exact zinc hydroxy anion depends on the environment but is commonly zinc hydroxyl-chloride or zinc hydroxyl-sulfate͒. Most of these studies were after exposures from hours to days for the laboratory experiments and for days to years in the field exposure. In Part I, 1 it was reported that the application of a 0.5 L seawater drop under high relative humidity ͑RH͒ exhibited secondary spreading, with the central region initially acting as an anode and the outer region initially acting as a cathode. When a drop is initially placed on a sur...

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Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Products Formed during the Interaction of Seawater Droplets with Zinc Surfaces

Cole

Muster

Lau

et al. 2010

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Many atmospheric corrosion reports carried out under high and extreme corrosivity categories of the atmosphere in the last years have been linked to analysis and morphological characterization and microstructure of corrosion products [2][3][4][5]. Important projects dealing on atmospheric corrosion have been performed in recent years [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outdoor-Indoor Atmospheric Corrosion in a Coastal Wind Farm Located in a Tropical Island

Castañeda¹,

Corvo²,

Fernández³

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Atmospheric corrosion is important to consider for energy production and transmission. Important and valuable information have been accumulated in this subject; however, the application of new knowledge obtained is not completed. In order to contribute to a decrease in economic losses caused by atmospheric corrosion in wind farms, studies toward application of this knowledge should be carried out. One of the most common reasons for the failure of coastal structures and infrastructures is deterioration failure which is the result of structure deterioration and lack of project maintenance. Atmospheric corrosion was evaluated at outdoor and indoor exposure sites located at different distances from the sea in a wind farm region. Carbon and galvanized steel, copper and aluminum specimens were exposed. Main pollutants and atmospheric parameters were measured. Significant differences between outdoor corrosivity determined by dose response functions established on ISO standard respecting direct weight loss evaluation were found. Estimation carried out using dose response functions overestimate corrosivity (excepting copper). Main factors causing outdoor corrosion are different to indoor. Very high outdoor and indoor corrosivity classifications were determined.

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“…Sulphur dioxides (SO 2 ) and other sulphur compounds of acid character, physically adsorbed firstly over the alkaline surface due to its wetness and roughness, are then transformed into sulphates due to the presence of oxygen and moisture. Finally, deposition rate of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) is 5 expressed in milligrams per square metre per day (mg/m 2 d). ASP samples were prepared following the ISO standard 9225.…”

Section: Exposure Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] This concern is even greater in coastal areas, such as Cuba, with 6000 Km of coast, because of the corrosion caused on metal surfaces. 4,[6][7][8] Among all the ions present, chlorides play a major role in the corrosion of steel due to marine aerosol, 2,9,10 as corroborated by the correlations obtained between the deposition rate of chloride ions and the corrosion rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Unraveling the Impact of Chloride and Sulfate Ions Collection on Atmospheric Corrosion of Steel

Boan¹,

Rodríguez²,

Abreu³

et al. 2013

Corrosion

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In this work, the deposition rate of two of the main ions involved in the corrosion caused by marine aerosol (SO 4 2and Cl -) were monitored for three years, by using three different collection methods: alkaline sulphation plate, wet candle and dry plate (ASP, WC and DP). The deposition rate of Cland SO 4 2evidenced significant differences depending on the method, with higher suitability of ASP to simultaneously collect both ions. The use of this method also provided a higher correlation coefficient of the corrosion rate of steel with the ions deposition. These results have a direct impact in the standard ISO 9225 (2012). Keywords: steel; weight loss; X-ray diffraction; marine environment 2 CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t 3 CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t 14 CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t 12. EN ISO 9225(2012), "Corrosion of metals and alloys -Corrosivity of atmospheres -Measurement of environmental parameters affecting corrosivity of atmospheres". 15 CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t CORROSION Preprint http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1030 NACE International http://corrosionjournal.org P r e p r i n t CORROSION Preprint http://dx.

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Pitting of zinc: Observations on atmospheric corrosion in tropical countries

Cited by 52 publications

References 21 publications

Products Formed during the Interaction of Seawater Droplets with Zinc Surfaces

Products Formed during the Interaction of Seawater Droplets with Zinc Surfaces

Outdoor-Indoor Atmospheric Corrosion in a Coastal Wind Farm Located in a Tropical Island

Unraveling the Impact of Chloride and Sulfate Ions Collection on Atmospheric Corrosion of Steel

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