Pitfalls and problems in flexible fiberoptic videolaryngoscopy

Relationship among glottal area, static supraglottic compression, and laryngeal function studies in unilateral vocal fold paresis and paralysis

“…Direct measurement of the size of glottal gap is difficult from frames selected from a videoendoscopic examination because of the lack of image calibration and magnification error between and within patients caused by differences in camera-to-larynx distance. 17 Omori et al 13 and Inagi et al 18 both developed normalized measures of glottal gap size. From an endoscopic image, Omari et al traced the glottal gap area after a threshold value for color density had been applied.…”

Outcome of laryngeal and velopharyngeal biofeedback treatment in children and young adults: A pilot study

“…1 The combination of tactual, auditory, and proprioceptive information with visual biofeedback by watching desirable or undesirable laryngeal/velopharyngeal behaviors shortens treatment duration, with results evident in a few sessions. 2,3 A rigid 90Њ laryngeal telescope 4 or, more efficiently, a flexible fiberoptic laryngo/velopharyngoscope 3,5,6 in combination with video equipment can be used to visualize the larynx and velopharyngeal mechanism. The flexible fiberscope is passed through the nasal cavity, over the soft palate, into the oropharynx and the hypopharynx.…”

“…One of the benefits of this instrument is the flexibility in the positioning of the scope in the vertical dimension, which allows visualization of the supraglottal structures and the velopharyngeal mechanism. [3][4][5][6][7] Because the scope is passed through the nose instead of the mouth, it does not interfere with articulation, 7,8 and it can be used with all age groups, including infants. 9 When effective, the treatment is very simple and fast.…”

“…The disadvantages included the convergence effect of the lens and the anxiety of some patients. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] As disadvantages of VB, there can rarely occur an excessive nasality (auditory-perceptual signs of velopharyngeal inadequacy) and reinforcement of compensatory or aberrant pharyngeal and articulatory gestures, such as breath holding, laryngeal tension, or lingual backing. 7 According to Bastian, 4 LB therapy can be used for the treatment of selected voice disorders with a visually obvious abnormality of vocal fold posture or movement (ventricular vocal fold phonation, muscle tension dysphonia, spasmodic and psychogenic dysphonia, register disturbances, and inappropriate habitual pitch).…”