Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis

Mon‐López, Daniel; Tejero-González, Carlos Ma; Rubia, Alfonso de la; Calvo, Jorge Lorenzo

doi:10.3390/ijerph17041365

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…by the stronger recoil of the small-bore rifle and the different shooting positions, resulting in a higher technical demand. Results also showed that there was little variation in shot scores between men and women, but this difference was not significant, which has been confirmed previously by various studies in air-rifle and small-bore shooting [4][5][6][7][8]. This finding is of scientific relevance as it allows men and women to be considered as one group and to omit gender as a covariate which can lead to increased statistical…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Factors that influence performance in Olympic air-rifle and small-bore shooting: A systematic review

2021

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Background Air-rifle and small-bore shooting are fascinating Olympic sports due to their unique performance requirements for accuracy and precision. Objective The purpose of our study was to systematically research the literature to determine and summarize performance determinants in both air-rifle and small-bore shooting. Since some athletes participate internationally in both disciplines in competition, the disciplines must have some similarity in the performance structure. Therefore, we further investigated whether performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting can be explained by the same performance determinants. Methods We systematically searched in four databases using combined keywords relevant to performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting. The articles included had undergone peer-review and had a) a direct relation to shooting performance, b) an indirect relation by comparing the performance of shooters of different skill levels, and c) a practical relevance (directly controllable through training). After the quality of each article was assessed, the key data were extracted and summarized. Results The fourteen articles included achieved an average of 60 ± 14% (range 30–80%) in quality assessment. Altogether, articles covered 268 subjects (32% female), of which 19% were elite- and 28% were national-level athletes. Sixteen performance determinants were investigated, which were divided into anthropometric, technical-coordinative, physiological and psychological categories. Both in air-rifle and small-bore shooting, rifle stability and body sway were found to differ between elite- and national-level athletes. In both disciplines, body sway seemed to have no influence on shot score in elite- and national-level athletes. Similarly, heart rate did not correlate with shot score at nearly all performance levels in both disciplines. In national-level air-rifle athletes, horizontal rifle stability, aiming accuracy and aiming time were found to affect shot score. Conclusions To be competitive at a national-level in air-rifle shooting, a highly developed aiming process is needed to achieve a high shot score. Lack of data prevented us from drawing evidence-based conclusions in elite-level air-rifle athletes and in small-bore shooting. Future research should investigate possible performance determinants both in air-rifle and in small-bore shooting, especially with elite-level athletes, to confirm or disprove existing findings. Further research should use more complex analyses to investigate the multifaceted processes associated with different performance determinants.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Factors that influence performance in Olympic air-rifle and small-bore shooting: A systematic review

2021

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“…The RAE has been studied from a variety of approaches and with different purposes: to examine its presence in collective and individual sports contexts (Papadopoulou et al, 2019 ; Steidl-Müller et al, 2019 ; Mon-López et al, 2020 ), evaluate their influence on a fixed competition (Saavedra-García et al, 2019 ), check the degree of impact of gender and/or of age/competition categories in clubs or federal organizations (Bjørndal et al, 2018b ; Romann et al, 2018 ), or even through intervention proposals the intention of which was to reduce the possible consequences (Mann and van Ginneken, 2017 ; Hill et al, 2019 ). Currently, it seems that the objective of the research is focused on studies whose aim is to analyze the relationship between the RAE and competition performance in order to know in-depth how the latter can be influenced by this phenomenon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the Relative Age Effect Influence Short-Term Performance and Sport Career in Team Sports? A Qualitative Systematic Review

2020

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Background: The impact on athletes based on grouping methods according to the date of birth within the constituent year, known as the relative effect of age (RAE), is a factor that can influence the achievement of sports success. Many studies have examined the magnitude of this phenomenon in sport; however, the relationship between the RAE and performance in team sports competition has not been accurately evaluated so far. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review on the influence of the RAE on competition performance in team sports through analysis of published peer-reviewed articles from 2000 to 2019. Methods: According to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis systematic search guidelines, 19 studies were identified of the 2,093 that were found in the systematic searching process carried out in four databases: Sport Discus, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. The sample of the study was composed by 77,329 players, of which 92.08% were male and 7.92% were female, whereas the recorded performance measurements were 87,556. The relation between relative age effects and competition performance was registered according to constraints-based theoretical model: individual constraints (sample characteristics) and task constraints (sport context). Moreover, study quality analysis, Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology, was carried out. Results: The short-term individual (10.20%) and collective (18.09%) performance was influenced by the RAE, whereas the long-term individual performance (49.71%) was affected by the RAE reverse. However, in 16.99% of the measurements, no relationship was found between the RAE and competition performance. In the analysis by subcategory, the influence of the RAE was higher in men, in adulthood (senior category), in invasion games, and in national contexts. Discussion: The findings clearly demonstrated that the RAE has a great influence on the performance in team sport. Possible implications for policy and practice should be discussed in order to prevent unequal practice based on biased models that prioritize the athlete's current performance and therefore obviate their maturational development. The heterogeneity and variability of the identified results require a relativization of the findings of this study.

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“…This explains why it has been difficult to identify RAE in minority sports, as described by Lupo et al [22]. However, some studies have also revealed RAE in less popular sports [23,24]. A cumulative effect of RAE over the years in the different countries is common yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are European Soccer Players Worth More If They Are Born Early in the Year? Relative Age Effect on Player Market Value

González

Fernández-Luna

Castillo

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The relative age effect (RAE) consists of the lower presence of members of an age group born in the months furthest from the age cut-off date established. In youth soccer, it is known that because of this effect the birth dates of more players in a team are closer to the cutoff of 1 January. These older players, due to their physical and psychological advantages, are more likely to be identified as talent. This study aimed to examine whether RAE can be identified in professional players of the top five European soccer leagues (Spain, Italy, England, Germany, and France) and to assess its influence on the perceived market value of the players. Market value data for 2577 players were obtained from the Transfermarkt database. A significant RAE was produced in all leagues (p < 0.05). However, this bias did not affect the market value of the professional elite soccer players examined here. Our observations indicate that, while the identification and promotion of talent at young ages are often biased by RAE, once players have reached the professional stage, the market value assigned to them is based more on factors other than their date of birth.

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Pistol and Rifle Performance: Gender and Relative Age Effect Analysis

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Factors that influence performance in Olympic air-rifle and small-bore shooting: A systematic review

Factors that influence performance in Olympic air-rifle and small-bore shooting: A systematic review

Does the Relative Age Effect Influence Short-Term Performance and Sport Career in Team Sports? A Qualitative Systematic Review

Are European Soccer Players Worth More If They Are Born Early in the Year? Relative Age Effect on Player Market Value

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