PIP/GCDFP-15 gene expression and apocrine differentiation in carcinomas of the breast

Pagani, Alberto; Sapino, Anna; Bergnolo, P.; Bussolati, Gianni; Eusebi, Vincenzo

doi:10.1007/bf00197548

Cited by 54 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the possibility of using Chs or GCDFP-15 serum values in the follow-up of these patients can justify the immunophenotyping of the tumors. In addition, in previous studies, the apocrine differentiation of tumors was correlated with a better prognosis (4,29). In the present work, the clinical evolution was highly correlated with the histological grade, but at long-term follow-up, there was a tendency for a longer survival in patients with NEapocrine-differentiated tumors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Expression of Apocrine Differentiation Markers in Neuroendocrine Breast Carcinomas of Aged Women

et al. 2001

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Neuroendocrine (NE) breast carcinomas are a rare entity in young women; however, their frequency increases in aged patients. The present work demonstrates that NE breast carcinomas in elderly women can also express an apocrine immunophenotype and analyzes the histological and clinical aspects of such differentiation. A selected series of 50 NE tumors (positive for NE markers in >50% of the cells) was tested for the immunocytochemical expression of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15). The results demonstrated that about 50% of moderately (G2) and well-differentiated (G1) NE breast carcinomas (mucinous, solid papillary, and solid cohesive histotypes) coexpressed the apocrine marker. In these cases, specific mRNA for GCDFP-15 (PIP) and for chromogranin A (ChA) was demonstrated using in situ hybridization (ISH). Carcinomas of the alveolar subtype (G2) and poorly differentiated carcinomas (G3), including one case of atypical carcinoid, were pure NE carcinomas, devoid of apocrine differentiation. The steroid receptor status of these lesions was evaluated to test a possible involvement of androgen receptors in apocrine differentiation. We demonstrated that the level of AR and the mean age of patients at diagnosis were significantly higher in apocrine than in nonapocrine differentiated tumors. The histological grade and the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) significantly influenced the prognosis of these NE carcinomas, either pure or NE-apocrine differentiated. The most original result of our study is therefore the demonstration of a possible divergent apocrine differentiation of NE breast carcinomas that might be regulated by the activation of androgen receptors in elder patients. In addition, the possibility for using Chs or GCDFP-15 serum values in the follow-up of these patients, as demonstrated in two cases of the present series, can justify the immunophenotyping of the tumors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Expression of Apocrine Differentiation Markers in Neuroendocrine Breast Carcinomas of Aged Women

et al. 2001

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“…Expression of this marker has been associated with apocrine differentiation, but there is not a direct concordance with Muc1 (Soomro & Shousha, 1992). While IHC, in situ hybridization and Northern analysis have all found expression at a similar frequency (Murphy et al, 1987;Pagani et al, 1994), the prevalence and specificity of PIP mRNA for breast cancer at the sensitivity level of RT-PCR has not been established. Using RT-PCR we have found expression of PIP mRNA is readily detectable in most human breast cell lines and breast tumours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential role for prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) as a marker of human breast cancer micrometastasis

et al. 1999

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SummaryThe prolactin-inducible protein (PIP/GCPD15) is believed to originate from a limited set of tissues, including breast and salivary glands, and has been applied as a clinical marker for the diagnosis of metastatic tumours of unknown origin. We have investigated the potential role of PIP mRNA as a marker of human breast cancer metastasis. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Southern or dot blot analysis, PIP mRNA was detected in 4/6 breast cell lines, independent of oestrogen receptor (ER) status. In breast primary tumours (n = 97), analysed from histologically characterized sections, PIP mRNA was detected in most cases. Higher PIP mRNA levels correlated with ER + (P = 0.0004), progesterone receptor positive (PR + ) (P = 0.0167), low-grade (P = 0.0195) tumours, and also PIP protein levels assessed by immunohistochemistry (n = 19, P = 0.0319). PIP mRNA expression was also detectable in 11/16 (69%) of axillary node metastases. PIP mRNA expression, however, was also detected in normal breast duct epithelium, skin, salivary gland and peripheral blood leucocyte samples from normal individuals. We conclude that PIP mRNA is frequently expressed in both primary human breast tumours and nodal metastases. However, the presence of PIP expression in skin creates a potential source of contamination in venepuncture samples that should be considered in its application as a marker for breast tumour micrometastases.

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“…In particular, multiple COBRA1-regulated genes have been associated with breast cancer. These include APOD (Lopez-Boado et al, 1994;Blais et al, 1995;Rassart et al, 2000), CLDN1 (Kramer et al, 2000;Hoevel et al, 2002;Morin, 2005;Tokes et al, 2005), MGP (Chen et al, 1990;Sheikh et al, 1993;Hirota et al, 1995), GAGEs (Mashino et al, 2001;Duan et al, 2003), MCM2 (Gonzalez et al, 2003;Moggs et al, 2005;Shetty et al, 2005), PIP (Pagani et al, 1994;Clark et al, 1999;Carsol et al, 2002;Tian et al, 2004), TIMP1 (Nakopoulou COBRA1 regulates clustered gene expression SE Aiyar et al et al, 2003;Wu¨rtz et al, 2005), WISP2 (Banerjee et al, 2003) and TFF3 (Xu et al, 2005).…”

Section: Whole-genome Analysis Of Cobra1-regulated Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of clustered gene expression by cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1) in breast cancer cells

et al. 2006

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PIP/GCDFP-15 gene expression and apocrine differentiation in carcinomas of the breast

Cited by 54 publications

References 24 publications

Expression of Apocrine Differentiation Markers in Neuroendocrine Breast Carcinomas of Aged Women

Expression of Apocrine Differentiation Markers in Neuroendocrine Breast Carcinomas of Aged Women

The potential role for prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) as a marker of human breast cancer micrometastasis

Regulation of clustered gene expression by cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1) in breast cancer cells

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