Pili Tree (Canarium ovatum) Resin's Antibacterial Essential Oil and Hydrosol as Rich Sources of (S)‐Phellandrenes Derivatives

Abstract

Five batches of resin from the Pili tree (Canarium ovatum Engl.) were distilled, and their essential oils and hydrosols were analyzed by gas chromatography. The oils, obtained in yields of 13.4-19.7 % v/m, featured αphellandrene in high proportions (50-65 %), alongside limonene, β-phellandrene and para-cymene. Chiral GC analysis confirmed that both phellandrenes were in fact > 95 % (S)-(+) enantiomers, while the other monoterpenes featured less pronounced enantiomeric excesses. The hydrosols were rich in α-phellandrene oxidation products including cis-α-phellandrene epoxide and a series of para-menth-5-ene-1,2-diol isomers. Both essential oils and hydrosols were tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited MIC 90 of less than 5 and 0.5 mg/mL of total volatiles, respectively. The essential oil features some potential as a source of readily available natural (S)-(+)-α-phellandrene.

Contribution of Constituents in Rosemary‐Magnolia Compound Essential Oil to Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Bioactivities Revealed by Grey Correlation Analysis

“…The results showed that the optimal antibacterial effect against S. aureus , E. coli and B. subtilis was due to the rosemary‐magnolia EOs, indicating that the combination gained a buff. The high correlation of α‐Phellandrene, Eucalyptol, Terpinolene and α‐Terpineol with the inhibition effect was also demonstrated in previous findings [49–53] . Using the rule of variation between constituent difference and biological activity, the EO compounds could be applied in the targeted inhibition of different kinds of strains.…”

“…The high correlation of α-Phellandrene, Eucalyptol, Terpinolene and α-Terpineol with the inhibition effect was also demonstrated in previous findings. [49][50][51][52][53] Using the rule of variation between constituent difference and biological activity, the EO compounds could be applied in the targeted inhibition of different kinds of strains. addition, according to the antioxidant effect and gray correlation analysis, the content of rosemary EO in the compounded EOs was positively correlated with the antioxidant effect, and its good antioxidant effect was attributed to the high content of β-Pinene.…”

Alpha-Phellandrene and Alpha-Phellandrene-Rich Essential Oils: A Systematic Review of Biological Activities, Pharmaceutical and Food Applications

“…This group, headed by Boucher [ 81 ], also studied its activity against E. coli with a MIC 50 of 468.0 µg/mL. Mercier et al [ 21 ] focused, likewise, on these two specific and common pathogens, finding that the EO from Canarium ovatum , with 64.9% of alpha-phellandrene, had an MIC 90 of 180.0 and 310.0 µg/mL against E. coli and S. aureus , respectively. Further proof of the antimicrobial potential of this molecule was given by Dalli et al [ 82 ], testing Nigella sativa seed EO against different bacterial strains, and obtaining promising results against Acinetobacter baumannii .…”