“…Motivational elements, such as points or ranking, seem to contribute to higher enjoyment, while results with regard to cognitive engagement are still inconclusive (Chang & Wei, 2016; Ke & Abras, 2013). Interactive elements, including problems and obstacles, can promote both emotional and cognitive engagement (Ke & Abras, 2013; Yang, Chen, & Chen, 2007). Fun elements, such as narratives, virtual characters and controls, are also positively related to both cognitive and emotional engagement (Ke, 2008a; Ke, Xie, & Xie, 2016).…”