Pigments for Aquaculture of Salmonids. A Comparative Model Study of Carophyll Pink and Panaferd AX in Cod Liver Oil

Abstract

As one of the key ingredients in feed for rearing salmon the stability of the synthetic feed pigment Carophyll Pink® (CP) and the natural pigment Panaferd‐AX® (PAN) in pure cod liver oil were investigated. As reference, pure cod liver oil without added carotenoids was used (PURE). Carotenoid content, isomerization of astaxanthin in CP and distribution of carotenoids in PAN and the antioxidant ability of CP and PAN were followed by HPLC in two model experiments (Experiment 1: 17 days, temperature 18.5–28.2 °C, and Experiment 2: 15 days, temperature 29.7 °C). Moreover, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric value (TBARS) and fatty acid (FA) compositions were analyzed in CP, PAN and PURE. Relative to cod liver oil with added PAN, addition of CP resulted in significantly higher stability of ∑PUFA, slower formation of peroxides, reduced oxidation and increased carotenoid stability during storage. For the isomerization of astaxanthin in CP a significantly decrease in all‐E‐astaxanthin and an increase in 13Z‐astaxanthin was observed during storage in both experiments. Highest stability of different carotenoids in PAN were found for the carotenoid β‐carotene in both experiments, followed by echinenone and astaxanthin in Experiment 1 and astaxanthin, adonirubin and adonixanthin in Experiment 2. It is concluded that the synthetic pigment feed additive CP significantly improves the stability of cod liver oil as compared to the natural pigment feed additive PAN (order of stability; CP > PAN > PURE).

Engineering of tomato for the sustainable production of ketocarotenoids and its evaluation in aquaculture feed

“…Other natural colorants approved by the European Food Safety Authority, such as Panaferd-AX (26) made from Paracoccus carotinifaciens, a red carotenoid-rich soil bacterium, is also constituted of a mixture of carotenoids (27) [astaxanthin (2.2%), phoenicoxanthin (1.3%), and canthaxanthin (0.4%) besides other carotenoids]. The main ketocarotenoid in the ZWRI tomato preparation is phoenicoxanthin.…”

Natural pigment from Paracoccus carotinifaciens (Panaferd®‐ AX ) enhanced colour and immune system of Pacific white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei )

“…Natural carotenoid sources are becoming increasingly important for enhancing coloration because of their bioactive compounds and their potential applications in several areas of aquaculture feed industry (Amar et al, 2012;Ngo et al, 2016;Østerlie & Lerfall, 2015;Yu et al, 2021). The positive role of carotenoids in physiological functions of shrimp have been proven in several aspects, including growth, nutrient utilization, pigmentation, reproduction, stress responses, immunity and disease resistance (Amar et al, 2001;Boonyaratpalin et al, 2001;Niu et al, 2009Niu et al, , 2014Paibulkichakul et al, 2008;Parisenti et al, 2011;Supamattaya et al, 2005;Wade et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2015Wang et al, , 2018Zhang et al, 2013).…”