Piezoelectrically Mediated Reactions: From Catalytic Reactions to Organic Transformations

Abstract

Comprehensive Summary Recently, piezocatalysis has attracted considerable attention as a new type of renewable mechanical energy conversion technology, which relies on the strain induced polarization of the piezoelectric material. This new technology has been extensively applied in the applications of water splitting, water remediation, gas purification and tumor therapy. Despite the rapid development in the piezocatalysis, the utilization of piezoelectric materials for synthetic purpose is still under exploration. Piezoelectric means to promote organic reactions expand the scope of piezoelectrically mediated reactions and show successes in both organic and polymer synthesis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on recent progress of piezoelectrically mediated reactions, catalytic mechanisms and applications in the last few years. The limitations and future directions of this area are also discussed. We believe this review will provide new insights into the underlying mechanism of piezoelectric mediated electron transfer process and guide the design of new chemistry.

Mechanochemical solid state single electron transfer from reduced organic hydrocarbon for catalytic aryl-halide bond activation

“…LAG helped to mix the reactants in the ball mill for an efficient solid-state reaction. 72 Solid arenes such as 1,3,5trimethoxy and 1,4-dimethoxy coupled efficiently with the aryl radical generated from solid haloarenes to afford the desired products (35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44) with a yield up to 79%. Moreover, polyarenes such as pyrene (45 and 46), anthracene (47), phenanthrene (48), and naphthalene (49 and 50) worked well to offer arylated products with up to 68% yield.…”

“…[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] More recently, the use of piezoelectric materials as reusable charge transfer catalysts has shown a promising impact in this growing eld. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Seminal work from Kubota, Ito, and co-workers provided the rst evidence of the mechanoredox process for C-C cross-coupling catalysis using a piezoelectric material (BaTiO 3 ). 29 However, this method could not achieve the goal of a transition metal-free process as BaTiO 3 was used as the redox reagent.…”

Mechanoredox/Nickel Co-Catalyzed Cross Electrophile Coupling of Benzotriazinones with Alkyl (Pseudo)halides

“…For example, mechanochemical metal activation has been successfully applied in the Reformatsky reaction, Grignard reaction, Pd-catalyzed Negishi coupling, Ni-catalyzed cross electrophile coupling between aryl/alkyl halides, Cu-catalyzed Chan–Lam C–N coupling, and Li or Mn-based reduction reaction . More recently, Kubota and Ito have seminally proposed mechanoredox by harvesting mechanical energy through piezoelectricity as a ground-breaking technique to initiate single electron transfer (SET) for redox processes, leading to the emerging mechanoredox catalysis with highly potential applications in a diversity of fields such as organic syntheses, polymerization, ,, renewable energy production, ,,, and environmental remediation. ,,, …”

Electrodeposited copper–nickel nanoparticles as highly efficient electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction to ammonia

“…Recently, NH 3 production via N 2 reduction powered by renewable electricity at room temperature (denoted as nitrogen reduction reaction, NRR) has emerged as a supplemental alternative to the H–B process, 10–13 but the thermodynamically stable NN triple bonds and low solubility of N 2 in conventional aqueous-based systems coalesce to result in the faint NH 3 yields and unsatisfactory faradaic efficiency (FE), rendering achievement of the final large-scale implementation of the NRR process difficult for researchers and engineers. Antithetically, nitrate (NO 3 − ) can be cleaved with lower energy input, 14–17 and it widely exists in drinking water, industrial wastewater and polluted ground water. 18,19 Excessive intake of NO 3 − is deleterious to both human beings and animals.…”

“…) can be cleaved with lower energy input, [14][15][16][17] and it widely exists in drinking water, industrial wastewater and polluted ground water. 18,19 Excessive intake of NO 3…”