Picture perception: Effects of luminance on available information and information-extraction rate.

Loftus, Geoffrey R.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.342

Cited by 94 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Similar effects of visual quality on visual search and stimulus identificationhave been observed elsewhere (e.g., Johnsen & Briggs, 1973;Pashler & Badgio, 1985;Schwartz, Pomerantz, & Egeth, 1977). Loftus (1985) presented evidence that the rate with which information is extracted from visual displays is directly influenced by the contrast of the display (the lower the contrast, the lower the information-extraction rate; see Sperling, 1986, for a quantitative model).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Mechanisms of attentional selection: Temporally modulated priority tags

Yantis

Jones

1991

Perception & Psychophysics

126

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When a single abrupt onset appears in a multielement display, it captures attention. When multiple onset elements occur, they have conditional priority over no-onset elements such that a limited number of onsets can be serviced with high priority in visual search (Yantis & Johnson, 1990). We report three experiments in which we assess two possible mechanisms for attentional prioritization: a priority queue into which a fixed number of high-priority elements are placed for early servicing during search, and a mechanism that temporarily tags all high-priority elements for early servicing or more frequent sampling. We manipulated the visual quality or interletter confusability ofthe stimuli to prolong encoding and/or comparison operations; this manipulation led to a decrease in the estimated number of elements serviced with high priority. We conclude that a mechanism incorporating temporally decaying priority tags is implicated in servicing multiple abrupt onsets in visual search.The complexity of visual perception requires an efficient selection mechanism that constrains the current visual task so that it is momentarily tractable (Tsotsos, 1988). Selective attention sets priorities that are used for a variety of visual tasks, including efficient visual search. For example, the guided search model of Cave and Wolfe (1990) suggests that an activation value is computed for each element in a visual display according to its similarity to the target on several dimensions and its conspicuity in the display (i.e., its dissimilarity to nontarget elements). Elements are then processed serially in order of their activation strengths. Similar models have been advanced by others (e.g., Bundesen, 1990;Duncan & Humphreys, 1989;Koch & Ullman, 1985).These models all include some kind of prioritizing system in which preliminary decisions are made about which stimuli will be processed first (in serial models) or sampled more frequently (in parallel models). In most cases, a distinction is made between bottom-up or stimulusdriven selection, and top-down or goal-directed selection. In the present article, we describe three experiments in which we investigated one aspect of attentional prioritization via stimulus-driven attentional interrupts generated by abrupt visual onsets.This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant ROI-MH43924 to Steven Yantis. We are grateful to Vibha Thakral and Elizabeth Graham for excellent technical assistance, and to Howard Egeth, Doug Johnson, Jim Johnston, and Toby Mordkoff for valuable suggestions concerning the research. Our thanks to Lester Krueger, John Palmer, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of the article. Correspondence should be sent to Steven Yantis, Department of Psychology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 (e-mail: yantis@jhuvms). Abrupt Onsets and AttentionSeveral lines of research have provided empirical evidence for attentional capture by abrupt onsets.' For example, Todd and Van Gelder (1979) developed the no...

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 60%

Mechanisms of attentional selection: Temporally modulated priority tags

Yantis

Jones

1991

Perception & Psychophysics

126

137

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For instance, factors such as the viewing task (search vs. memorization; Castelhano, Mack, & Henderson, 2009;Nuthmann et al, 2010), the visual characteristics of the stimulus (e.g., luminance, image degradation; Loftus, 1985;Walshe & Nuthmann, 2014), the semantics of the scene (e.g., Henderson, Weeks, & Hollingworth, 1999;Loftus & Mackworth, 1978;Wu, Wick, & Pomplun, 2014), or familiarity (e.g., Althoff & Cohen, 1999) can affect gaze control and FDs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that visual and cognitive processing demands are associated with differences in FDs.…”

Section: Fds and Saccade Latency In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling the mechanisms underlying infant fixation durations in scene perception: A computational account

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The goal of this article is to investigate the unexplored mechanisms underlying the development of saccadic control in infancy by determining the generalizability and potential limitations of extending the CRISP theoretical framework and computational model of fixation durations (FDs) in adult scene-viewing to infants. The CRISP model was used to investigate the underlying mechanisms modulating FDs in 6-month-olds by applying the model to empirical eye-movement data gathered from groups of infants and adults during free-viewing of naturalistic and semi-naturalistic videos. Participants also performed a gap-overlap task to measure their disengagement abilities. Results confirmed the CRISP model's applicability to infant data. Specifically, model simulations support the view that infant saccade programming is completed in two stages: an initial labile stage, followed by a non-labile stage. Moreover, results from the empirical data and simulation studies highlighted the influence of the material viewed on the FD distributions in infants and adults, as well as the impact that the developmental state of the oculomotor system can have on saccade programming and execution at 6 months. The present work suggests that infant FDs reflect on-line perceptual and cognitive activity in a similar way to adults, but that the individual developmental state of the oculomotor system affects this relationship at 6 months. Furthermore, computational modeling filled the gaps of psychophysical studies and allowed the effects of these two factors on FDs to be simulated in infant data providing greater insights into the development of oculomotor and attentional control than can be gained from behavioral results alone.

show abstract

“…For example, it has been shown that restricting or degrading the availability of stimulus information has an effect on fixation durations (Groner, Groner & von Mühlenen, 2008;Loftus, 1985;Loschky, McConkie, Yang & Miller, 2005;Mannan, Ruddock & Wooding, 1995;Parkhurst, Culurciello & Niebur, 2000). More specifically, when spatial frequency information is filtered from scenes (e.g., using a band-pass filter), fixation durations tend to increase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial frequency filtering and the direct control of fixation durations during scene viewing

Glaholt

Rayner

Reingold

2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study employed a saccade-contingent change paradigm to investigate the effect of spatial frequency filtering on fixation durations during scene viewing. Subjects viewed grayscale scenes while encoding them for a later memory test. During randomly chosen saccades, the scene was replaced with an alternate version that remained throughout the critical fixation that followed. In Experiment 1, during the critical fixation, the scene could be changed to high-pass and low-pass spatial frequency filtered versions. Under both conditions, fixation durations increased, and the low-pass condition produced a greater effect than the high-pass condition. In subsequent experiments, we manipulated the familiarity of scene information during the critical fixation by flipping the filtered scenes upside down or horizontally. Under these conditions, we observed lengthening of fixation durations but no difference between the high-pass and low-pass conditions, suggesting that the filtering effect is related to the mismatch between information extracted within the critical fixation and the ongoing scene representation in memory. We also conducted control experiments that tested the effect of changes to scene orientation (Experiment 2a) and the addition of color to a grayscale scene (Experiment 2b). Fixation distribution analysis suggested two effects on the distribution fixation durations: a fast-acting effect that was sensitive to all transsaccadic changes tested and a later effect in the tail of the distribution that was likely tied to the processing of scene information. These findings are discussed in the context of theories of oculomotor control during scene viewing.

show abstract

Picture perception: Effects of luminance on available information and information-extraction rate.

Cited by 94 publications

References 32 publications

Mechanisms of attentional selection: Temporally modulated priority tags

Mechanisms of attentional selection: Temporally modulated priority tags

Disentangling the mechanisms underlying infant fixation durations in scene perception: A computational account

Spatial frequency filtering and the direct control of fixation durations during scene viewing

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About