PI Controller for Hybrid Biomass- Solar Photovoltaic- Wind in Microgrid: A Case Study of Mersing, Malaysia

Abstract

Renewable energy has become an alternative energy to replace fossil fuels in electric power generation systems to alleviate environmental problems in the future. Alongside the shift to renewable energy, microgrid technology has also evolved to integrate renewable energy into the power generation and distribution system. In addition, the issue of voltage stability is also a vital factor in sustaining microgrids with renewable energy integration to ensure system stability. Reports in earlier studies have included three voltage control methods such as Model Predictive Control (MPC), PI controller, and negative feed-forward voltage control, implemented to ensure voltage stability of hybrid renewable energy microgrids. However, very a few research reports apply voltage control in hybrid biomass (BM)-solar photovoltaic (PV)-wind microgrid, choosing only to focus on energy management, economic analysis, and best sizing. For this reason, this main objective of this paper is integration of hybrid Biomass-Solar Photovoltaic-Wind off-grid microgrid comprising a PI controller as the voltage control of the system based on an actual input database at a location in a small rural town named Mersing in Malaysia. Additionally, this paper also intends to illustrate the implemented efforts to support the voltage stability of the system for the Mersing case study. A PI controller with harmonic filter voltage controller is implemented in this study to reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) percentage. The average power output for solar, wind, and biomass energy sources were 60kW, 20kW, and 750kW, respectively. Concurrently the measured THD voltage and current at each renewable energy and distribution line show a percentage below 10%. It is thus shown that a hybrid BM-Solar PV-wind microgrid is stable, especially for distribution lines, according to harmonic standards in the electricity supply application book by the local electricity provider Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Indeed, a PI controller with a harmonic filter has proven as an effective method for controlling the voltage instability in this study.

Economic and environmental analysis of Malaysia's 2025 renewable and sustainable energy targets in the generation mix

“…Applying econometric models to analyze the relationship between the economy and RE, Afroz and Muhibbullah [ 85 ] demonstrated that a reduction in RE consumption accelerates economic growth whereas that for NRE decreases economic growth. Using an optimization model for a hybrid grid, Badruhisham et al [ 86 ] investigated the integration of a hybrid BM-Solar PV-Wind off-grid microgrid comprising a PI controller as the voltage control based on an actual input database at a location in a small rural town to support the voltage stability of the system. Employing the Bootstrap ARDL model, Suki et al [ 87 ] explored the role of green innovation and RE on carbon emissions and economic growth.…”

Development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Platform for the Validation of a Small-Scale Wind System Control Strategy

“…Opposed to the mechanical torque, there is an electromagnetic torque T e that is generated due to the magnetic fields of the rotor and stator. This torque is calculated using Equation (10), where p is the number of PMSG poles, φ m is the constant magnetic flux of the rotor magnets, and i q is the component of the stator current in the q-direction.…”

“…In [9], the implementation of a controller applied to a DCµG feed by a wind system, including a doubly fed induction generator, is described. In [10], a case study is presented in which the authors implement a PI controller for a hybrid insolated µG; the energy sources of this µG are biomass, solar photovoltaic, and wind. In [11], an energy management strategy for a grid-connected µG is presented; the primary renewable energy source of this µG is a wind turbine.…”

“…References [7][8][9][10][11] are examples of research published in high-impact journals from 2020 to 2023 that use wind systems in microgrids. These works confirm the significance and current relevance of wind systems mentioned in [5,6].…”

Grey prediction-based proportional-integral controller applied to solar energy systems

“…Proportional-integral controllers have the merits of easy design as well as structural simplicity. Many literatures have been reported regarding the control of solar energy system [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. However, solar energy systems governed by proportional-integral controllers may be affected with uncertainties, like partial shading problem.…”