Phytotoxicity and uptake of nitroglycerin in a natural sandy loam soil

Rocheleau, Sylvie; Kuperman, Roman G.; Dodard, Sabine; Sarrazin, Manon; Savard, Kathleen; Paquet, Louise; Hawari, Jalal; Checkai, Ronald T.; Thiboutot, Sonia; Ampleman, Guy; Sunahara, Geoffrey I.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.067

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It is also used as a therapeutic agent (Rocheleau et al 2011). Double-base propellants used with newer small-arms ammunition typically contain up to 84% NC, with 10% NG (a stabilizer) and up to 6% filler compounds.…”

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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Underwater military munitions (UWMM) may pose a risk to aquatic environments because they typically contain munitions constituents (MC) such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). If UWMM become corroded or breaches, the fill material may leak or dissolve into the surrounding environment, which could potentially adversely affecting affect the exposed biota. In large part, because of the high cost and complexity associated with sampling MC at UWMM sites, detailed and reliable information about MC in water, sediment, and biota is available for only a few sites, and therefore temporal and spatial uncertainties persist. Examination of available data indicates that concentrations of MC in water and sediment were largely below detection or were relatively low (e.g., parts per billion), with higher concentrations being highly localized and typically near a point source. These findings were in accordance with predictive modeling and with fate studies. Available toxicity data derived for a variety of freshwater and marine species were compiled and used to derive interim water quality criteria and protective values derived from species sensitivity distributions. Toxicity varied widely across a diversity of MC and species. For most aquatic sites, MC contamination in sediment and in the watercolumn presents low risk to the resident biota.

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Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of NG, NC, and NQ forms a triple-base propellant mixture. Nitroglycerin can be released into the environment at firing positions, and in the target areas from low-order detonation of propellant (Rocheleau et al 2011). Nitroglycerin is poorly soluble in water and may enter and persist in freshwater environments (USACHPPM 2007).…”

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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“…Nitroglycerin or glycerol trinitrate (propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate) is used in manufacture of dynamite, gunpowder, and rocket propellants, and as a therapeutic agent (Rocheleau et al 2011). Double-base propellants used within newer small-arms ammunition typically contain up to 84% nitrocellulose, with 10% nitroglycerin, a stabilizer, and up to 6% filler compounds.…”

Section: Other Energetic Compounds Nitroguanidinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combination of nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose and nitroguanidine forms a triple-base propellant mixture. Nitroglycerin can be released into the environment at firing positions, and in the target areas due to low-order detonation of propellant (Rocheleau et al 2011). Nitroglycerin is water soluble, and may enter and persist in freshwater environments (USACHPPM 2001).…”

Section: Other Energetic Compounds Nitroguanidinementioning

confidence: 99%

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo¹,

Rosen²,

Wild³

et al. 2013

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Military munitions are present in waters around the world, including those waters located at current and former Department of Defense sites. This report provides a review of the aquatic ecotoxicology of munitions constituents (MC), including nitroaromatics (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluenes (DNTs), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid)); nitrate esters (nitrocellulose (NC), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerine (NG)); and nitramines (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)). The major focus of this report is on the fate and effects of MC in the marine environment. Most MC observed in this study rapidly degraded in aqueous exposure systems and nitroaromatics showed a significant binding affinity with organic matter. To support the assessment of risk from MC in aquatic environments, laboratory-based toxicity data have been derived for a variety of aquatic species for both lethal and sublethal exposure endpoints using spiked water or sediment. Frequently, unrealistically high concentrations were used to derive toxicity benchmarks. In general, nitramines were less toxic than nitroaromatics, with a wide range of sensitivity among species. MC are weakly hydrophobic and bioaccumulative potential was low, as expected. High elimination rates for MC resulted in a virtually complete loss of body residue within hours to days following transfer to clean water. Uptake of TNT resulted in the substantial formation of bound residues. For fish, aqueous exposure was the dominant route of exposure to explosive compounds, with dietary uptake providing only minimal contribution. More realistic exposures using Composition B and multiple species found the presence of munitions in aquatic environments unlikely to result in biological effects. Verification of this conclusion should be pursued by determining site-specific exposure risk.

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“…Published studies on the phytotoxicity of explosives to higher terrestrial plants are scant (Gong et al, 1999;Sunahara et al, 2001;Hannink et al, 2002;Robidoux et al, 2003;Rocheleau et al, 2005Rocheleau et al, , 2006Rocheleau et al, , 2008Rocheleau et al, , 2010Rocheleau et al, , 2011. Winfield et al (2004) found that exposure to RDX (up to 4000 mg/kg soil) during early life stages resulted in adverse responses in sensitive terrestrial plants such as sunflower and sainfoin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

Simini¹,

Checkai²,

Phillips³

et al. 2013

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)XX-07-2013 REPORT TYPE AUTHOR(S)Simini, Michael; Checkai, Ronald T.; Kuperman, Roman G.; Phillips, Carlton T.; Kolakowski, Jan E.; and Kurnas, Carl W. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Director, ECBC, ATTN: RDCB-DRT-E, APG, MD 21010-5424 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER ECBC-TR-1091 SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program 4800 Mark Center Drive, Suite 17D08, Alexandria, VA 22350-3605 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) SERDP SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACT-LIMIT 200 WORDSThis study was designed to produce scientifically defensible benchmark data for the development of ecological-based soil screening levels for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) for terrestrial plants. The physical and chemical properties of different soils may alter the bioavailability and toxicity of TNT and RDX to plant species. We investigated individual ecotoxicities of TNT and RDX to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Japanese millet (J. millet; Echinochloa crus-galli L. [Beauv.]), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in five natural soils that varied in pH, organic matter, and clay contents. On the basis of EC 50 values (the TNT or RDX concentrations that produce 50% reductions in selected measurement endpoints) and 95% confidence intervals for shoot fresh and dry masses (SDM), TNT weathered-and-aged (W-A) in soils significantly reduced (p < 0.05) growth of alfalfa, J. millet, and perennial ryegrass. RDX W-A in soil was moderately inhibitory to growth of J. millet and perennial ryegrass in all five soils but did not affect growth of alfalfa. No statistically significant correlations between TNT toxicity and these soil properties were identified; however, statistically significant (p < 0.05) inverse relationships were identified between the RDX EC 50 values for perennial ryegrass SDM and soil clay content and pH.

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Phytotoxicity and uptake of nitroglycerin in a natural sandy loam soil

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Toxicities of TNT and RDX to Terrestrial Plants in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics

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