Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo, Guilherme R.; Rosen, Gunther; Wild, William; Carton, Geoffrey

doi:10.21236/ada583083

Cited by 27 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(276 reference statements)

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“…Overall, aminodinitrotoluenes exhibited toxicity similar to that of TNT for cladocerans (e.g., Griest et al 1998), amphipods (Sims and Steevens 2008), and midges (Lotufo et al 2013), with the LC50 values ranging from 1.1 to 25.2 mg/L and 1.8 to 9.3 mg/l for 2-A-4,6-DNT and 4-A-2,6-DNT, respectively ( Figure 68). However, 2,4-DA-6-NT was more lethally toxic than TNT for an amphipod and a cladoceran (Sims and Steevens 2008;Griest et al 1998), but substantially less toxic than TNT to midges (Lotufo et al 2013) (Figure 68).…”

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Invertebrates 1131 Nitroaromatic Mcmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Juhasz and Naidu (2007) and Nipper et al (2009) compiled available aquatic toxicity data, which was expanded to include nitroaromatic and nitrophenolic compounds that are not considered MC or their transformation products. Lotufo et al (2013) provided a recent summary review.…”

Section: Overview Of the Toxicity Of Munitions Constituents To Aquatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxicity of nitroaromatic MC to freshwater invertebrates has been reported for a variety of freshwater species, including amphipods, midges, rotifers, cladocerans, and oligochaetes (summarized in Talmage et al 1999;Nipper et al 2009;Lotufo et al 2013). Compared to studies with freshwater organisms, fewer studies addressed the effects of MC to marine invertebrates.…”

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Invertebrates 1131 Nitroaromatic Mcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, 2,4-DA-6-NT was more lethally toxic than TNT for an amphipod and a cladoceran (Sims and Steevens 2008;Griest et al 1998), but substantially less toxic than TNT to midges (Lotufo et al 2013) (Figure 68). The nitroaromatic compound 1,3.5-TNB exhibited lethal toxicity ( Figure 68) that was similar to that of TNT for amphipods (Sims and Steevens 2008) and midges (Lotufo et al 2013), but was more toxic than TNT to cladocerans (Griest et al 1998;Pearson et al 1979) and less toxic than TNT to mysid shrimp (Nipper et al 2001). …”

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Invertebrates 1131 Nitroaromatic Mcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lotufo et al (2009b) provided a summary review of the fate and toxicity of MC amended to sediments. In addition, Lotufo et al (2013) expanded this effort four years later. To the authors' knowledge, a study addressing the toxicity of MC in sediment exposures has not been made available since the publication of Lotufo et al (2013); therefore, the reader is referred to that review for a current and comprehensive data compilation for MC toxicity in whole-sediment and extracted porewater exposures.…”

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish In Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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Underwater military munitions (UWMM) may pose a risk to aquatic environments because they typically contain munitions constituents (MC) such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). If UWMM become corroded or breaches, the fill material may leak or dissolve into the surrounding environment, which could potentially adversely affecting affect the exposed biota. In large part, because of the high cost and complexity associated with sampling MC at UWMM sites, detailed and reliable information about MC in water, sediment, and biota is available for only a few sites, and therefore temporal and spatial uncertainties persist. Examination of available data indicates that concentrations of MC in water and sediment were largely below detection or were relatively low (e.g., parts per billion), with higher concentrations being highly localized and typically near a point source. These findings were in accordance with predictive modeling and with fate studies. Available toxicity data derived for a variety of freshwater and marine species were compiled and used to derive interim water quality criteria and protective values derived from species sensitivity distributions. Toxicity varied widely across a diversity of MC and species. For most aquatic sites, MC contamination in sediment and in the watercolumn presents low risk to the resident biota.

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Section: Toxicity Of MC To Invertebrates 1131 Nitroaromatic Mcmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Overview Of the Toxicity Of Munitions Constituents To Aquatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Invertebrates 1131 Nitroaromatic Mcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Invertebrates 1131 Nitroaromatic Mcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicity Of MC To Aquatic Invertebrates and Fish In Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Lotufo¹,

Chappell²,

Price³

et al. 2017

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Bioaccumulation kinetics of the conventional energetics TNT and RDX relative to insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO in Rana pipiens tadpoles

Lotufo

Biedenbach

Sims

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The manufacturing of explosives and their loading, assembling, and packing into munitions for use in testing on training sites or battlefields has resulted in contamination of terrestrial and aquatic sites that may pose risk to populations of sensitive species. The bioaccumulative potential of the conventional explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and of the insensitive munitions (i.e., less shock sensitive) compound 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) were assessed using the Northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Trinitrotoluene entering the organism was readily biotransformed to aminodinitrotoluenes, whereas no transformation products were measured for RDX or DNAN. Uptake clearance rates were relatively slow and similar among compounds (1.32-2.19 L kg(-1) h(-1) ). Upon transfer to uncontaminated water, elimination rate was very fast, resulting in the prediction of fast time to approach steady state (5 h or less) and short elimination half-lives (1.2 h or less). A preliminary bioconcentration factor of 0.25 L kg(-1) was determined for the insensitive munitions compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-trizole-5-one (NTO) indicating negligible bioaccumulative potential. Because of the rapid elimination rate for explosives, tadpoles inhabiting contaminated areas are expected to experience harmful effects only if under constant exposure conditions given that body burdens can rapidly depurate preventing tissue concentrations from persisting at levels that may cause detrimental biological effects.

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Zebrafish embryo toxicity of anaerobic biotransformation products from the insensitive munitions compound 2,4‐dinitroanisole

Olivares

Sierra-Álvarez

Abrell

et al. 2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an emerging insensitive munitions compound that readily undergoes anaerobic nitro-group reduction to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA) and 2,4-diaminoanisole (DAAN), followed by subsequent formation of unique azo-dimers. Currently there is scarce knowledge on the ecotoxicity of DNAN (bio)transformation products. In this work, mortality, development, and behavioral effects of DNAN (bio)transformation products were assessed using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. We tested individual products, MENA and DAAN, as well as dimer and trimer surrogates. As pure compounds, 3-nitro-4-methoxyaniline and 2,2’-dimethoxy-4,4’-azodianiline caused significant effects with lowest observable effect levels (LOEL) at 6.4 µM on one or two developmental endpoints, respectively. The latter had six-additional significant developmental endpoints with LOELs of 64 µM. Based on light/dark swimming behavioral tests, DAAN (640 µM) caused reduction in swimming, suggestive of neurotoxicity. No significant mortality occurred (≤ 64 µM) for any of the individual compounds. However, metabolite mixtures formed during different stages of MENA (bio)transformation in soil were characterized using high-resolution mass spectrometry in parallel with zebrafish embryo toxicity assays, which demonstrated significant mortality during the onset of azo-dimer formation. Overall the results indicate that several DNAN (bio)transformation products cause different types of toxicity to zebrafish embryos.

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Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Cited by 27 publications

References 89 publications

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Review and synthesis of evidence regarding environmental risks posed by munitions constituents (MC) in aquatic systems

Bioaccumulation kinetics of the conventional energetics TNT and RDX relative to insensitive munitions constituents DNAN and NTO in Rana pipiens tadpoles

Zebrafish embryo toxicity of anaerobic biotransformation products from the insensitive munitions compound 2,4‐dinitroanisole

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