Phytosterols: physiologic and metabolic aspects related to cholesterol-lowering properties

Brufau, Gemma; Canela, Miguel Ángel; Rafecas, Magda

doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2008.02.003

Cited by 222 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The beneficial hypolipidemic activity of these optimized oils could attribute to the high level of micronutrients in oil after process optimization. Phytosterols could reduce cholesterol absorption from the gut due to their structural similarity with cholesterol [26]. The beneficial effect of vitamin E with regard to cardiovascular disease could contribute to its superior antioxidant properties in the prevention of LDL lipid peroxidation due to its lipid solubility and preferential incorporation into lipoproteins [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cold‐pressed and vitamin E‐enriched flaxseed oils on lipid profile and antioxidant status in high‐fat fed rats

Deng

et al. 2012

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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In this study we evaluate whether cold-pressed flaxseed oil (CFO), vitamin E-enriched hot pressed and totally refined flaxseed oils (HRFOs) characterized by different qualities of micronutrients have beneficial effects on lipid profile and antioxidant status in high-fat fed rats. Male Wistar rats were fed synthetic diets containing 10% of HRFO, CFO, low-dose (100 mg/100 g oil) vitamin E-enriched HRFO (L-HRFO) or high-dose (200 mg/100 g oil) vitamin E-enriched HRFO (H-HRFO), respectively for 4 wk. The results showed that plasma triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in CFO group decreased by 12, 21, and 18% compared with HRFO group ( p < 0.05), the total hepatic lipids, TC and TG levels in CFO group were also lower significantly than those in HRFO group, but no significant differences were observed in plasma and hepatic lipid profiles among HRFO, L-HRFO, and H-HRFO groups. T-AOC levels significantly increased by 11, 12, and 22% in CFO, L-HRFO and H-HRFO groups compared with HRFO group, which was negatively correlated with the MDA levels and similar changes were observed for GSH and vitamin E levels in plasma. The CFO had a significantly higher cholesterol secretion than HRFO, L-HRFO, and H-HRFO. These results indicated that CFO had a more beneficial effect on improving lipid status and preventing oxidative stress than HRFO, and vitamin E-enriched HRFO decreased the lipid peroxidation concentration though there was no significant effect on lipid profiles.Practical applications: The cold-pressed and vitamin E-enriched HRFOs characterized by different qualities of micronutrients reduced the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. This could provide a theoretical basis for the development of high value-added functional food ingredients based on flaxseed oil or a-linolenic acid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cold‐pressed and vitamin E‐enriched flaxseed oils on lipid profile and antioxidant status in high‐fat fed rats

Deng

et al. 2012

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…Since cholesterol is only marginally soluble in these micelles and it is displaced by phytosterols (Plat and Mensink, 2005;Micallef and Garg, 2009). This is done by two ways: There is competition for esterase activity between cholesterol and PS, leading to a reduction of cholesterol in its absorbable form or its transport to more distal parts of the intestine where absorption is less efficient (Brufaua et al, 2008). There is competition for cholesterol transporters, such as the NPC1L1, between cholesterol and PS in the intestinal brush border membrane (Davis et al, 2004;Bergmann et al, 2005;Jakulj et al, 2005).…”

Section: Inhibition Of Cholesterol Cbsorption In Intestinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is competition for cholesterol transporters, such as the NPC1L1, between cholesterol and PS in the intestinal brush border membrane (Davis et al, 2004;Bergmann et al, 2005;Jakulj et al, 2005). Since PS and cholesterol structures are very similar (OtaeguiArrazola et al, 2010), PS may be transported into the enterocyte, instead of cholesterol, thus reducing the uptake of cholesterol (Brufaua et al, 2008). Synthesis and excretion of cholesterol: Intestinal ACAT re-esterifies the absorbed cholesterol in the mucosal cell.…”

Section: Inhibition Of Cholesterol Cbsorption In Intestinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant sterols are nonnutritive compounds (or phytochemicals) which regulate the membrane fluidity of plant cells (Brufaua et al, 2008;Kritchevskya and Chen, 2005). The same function, cholesterol does in animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absorbed phytosterols decrease the synthesis of cholesterol in body (Eisenberg, 2003;Shin et al, 2005;Micallef and Garg, 2008;Malinowski and Gehret, 2010). This way PS decreases both exogenous and endogenous production of cholesterol (Berge et al, 2000;Brufaua et al, 2008). The mechanism of cholesterol lowering action of phytosterols can be easily understood by the following ways:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Plant sterols for human health- A review

Jain

Bathla

2015

JANS

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Abstract:The aim of the article was to review phytosterols as functional food and its significance in lowering cholesterol as well as its specific effect on human health. Phytosterols has been known for its cholesterol lowering action long time back but the uprising of phytosterols in form of functional foods gained the interest once again. Fatty food matrix provides optimal solubility but fortification of phytosterols with other food matrices like low fat fermented milk, bread, juice are showing positive results. A dose of 2 g/day of either steryl or stanyl esters has been prescribed for an optimum effect which has been confirmed by FDA and EC. A number of studies have documented the safety and the efficiency of phytosterols. But there is still a big question mark on the use of it because of their adverse effect on body in form of Phytosterol oxidation products (POPs). It needs further investigation to elucidate effect of POPs within body.

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Sterols, Stanols, and Waxes

Kochhar

Azadmard‐Damirchi

Nasirpour‐Tabrizi

et al. 2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Phytosterols (plant sterols and stanols) and waxes are a part of the minor components of vegetable fats and oils. Stanols are the saturated form of plant sterols. Phytosterols (PS) are isoprenoid derivatives, which are essential compounds of biological membranes. They are structurally similar to cholesterol and control fluidity of eukaryote membranes and have role in the synthesis of hormonal sterols. PS are a major part of the unsaponifiable fraction of vegetable oils. They can be found either in free or esterified forms. PS are classified into three groups according to the presence or absence of methyl group at their C4 position, namely desmethylsterols (without methyl group), monomethylsterols (with one methyl group), and dimethylsterols (with two methyl groups). Generally, desmethylsterols comprise a high proportion of PS. PS have antioxidative properties and also can be used in vegetable oil authenticity. Consumption of PS through diet has beneficial effects on human health, such as lowering of LDL cholesterol and prevention of various types of cancers. However, PS like other lipids can be oxidized, and their oxidation products are important from the nutritional point of view. Waxes naturally occur in vegetable oils. They are present in saponifiable fraction and can be removed with dewaxing/winterization process, which is necessary in salad oils. Waxes have different edible and nonedible applications. This article reviews plant sterols, stanols and waxes structure, content in vegetable oils, changes in the effects of various processes, applications, analytical aspects, and future prospects.

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Phytosterols: physiologic and metabolic aspects related to cholesterol-lowering properties

Cited by 222 publications

References 106 publications

Effects of cold‐pressed and vitamin E‐enriched flaxseed oils on lipid profile and antioxidant status in high‐fat fed rats

Effects of cold‐pressed and vitamin E‐enriched flaxseed oils on lipid profile and antioxidant status in high‐fat fed rats

Plant sterols for human health- A review

Sterols, Stanols, and Waxes

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