“…Summed from 30 field enclosure (microcosm or mesocosm) experiments managed on silver or bighead carp conducted in various water systems since 1975, the average success rate of nontraditional biomanipulation is about 63% (19 of 30 case studies [29,33,38,42,44,68,70,100,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,112]) and nine experiments indicate fish did not significantly suppress phytoplankton [27,38,43,47,101,108,110,113], and planktivorous fish have no effects in other studies [44,89] (Table 1). Here we consider management to be successful if total algal biomass is suppressed after fish introduction.…”