Phytophthora erythroseptica (Pink Rot) Development in Russet Norkotah Potato Grown in Buffered Hydroponic Solutions I. Calcium Nutrition Effects

Abstract

Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethyb. causes a disease known as pink rot in potatoes, which is responsible for substantial pre and post harvest tuber loss. Disease outbreaks are associated with excessive soil moisture, moderate temperature, late season development, and a lack of potato cultivar resistance. Because disease resistance is becoming less effective, understanding other potential solutions is critical. Mineral nutrition of plants is known to be associated with disease development and severity of many diseases, but is not generally considered in relation to outbreaks of pink rot. Calcium (Ca) is essential and considered one of the most important nutrients associated with plant defense, but it has not been studied or consequently linked to the severity of pink rot in potato. A hydroponic growth system was established to study the effects of calcium on P. erythroseptica infection and colonization in Russet Norkotah potato roots. Russet Norkotah potatoes were grown with 3, 86, 172, and 343 mg L −1 Ca in association with the pathogen. The degree of disease severity was assessed by means of quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). The suppression of infection and disease severity by increased available Ca was statistically significant, decreasing with each increment of Ca between 3 and 343 mg L −1 . These data provide strong evidence that Ca nutrition is important in disease suppression and that the amount of available soil Ca can affect plant health and the ability of P. erythroseptica to infect the host. Resumen Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethyb causa una enfermedad conocida como pudrición rosa en papa, que es responsable de pérdidas substanciales de tubérculo en pre y post cosecha. Los establecimientos de la enfermedad están asociados con excesiva humedad del suelo, temperatura moderada, desarrollo tardío durante el ciclo y falta de resistencia varietal. Considerando que la resistencia a la enfermedad se ha vuelto menos efectiva, es crítico el entendimiento de otras soluciones potenciales. Se sabe que la nutrición mineral en plantas está asociada con el desarrollo y severidad de muchas enfermedades, pero generalmente no se le considera en relación a los establecimientos de pudrición rosa. El calcio (Ca) es esencial y es considerado como uno de los nutrientes más importantes asociado con la defensa de la planta, pero no ha sido estudiado o ligado consecuentemente a la severidad de la pudrición rosa en papa. Se estableció un sistema de crecimiento hidropónico para estudiar los efectos del calcio en la infección y colonización por P. erythroseptica en raíces de papa Russet Norkotah. Las papas Russet Norkotah se cultivaron con 3, 86, 172, y 343 mg L −1 Ca en asociación con el patógeno. El grado de severidad de la enfermedad se evaluó mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa de tiempo real (RT PCR). La supresión de la infección y de la severidad de la enfermedad mediante el aumento del Ca disponible fue estadísticamente significativa, disminuyendo con cada incremento del Ca ...

Sales minerales para el control de la cenicilla (Oidium sp.) en pepino

“…Similar results to those found in this research were obtained when NCa nutrient solution in order to reduce damage added: Botrytis cinerea in rose (Volpin and Elad, 1991), Phytophthora erythroseptica in potato (Benson et al, 2009) and Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato (Yamazaki and Hoshina, 1995;Jiang et al, 2013). It is noted that the effectiveness in controlling powdery mildew of cucumber by foliar application of NCa not been documented.…”

“…Resultados similares a los encontrados en esta investigación se obtuvieron cuando NCa se agregó a la solución nutritiva con la finalidad de disminuir el daño por: Botrytis cinerea en rosa (Volpin y Elad, 1991), Phytophthora erythroseptica en papa (Benson et al, 2009) y Ralstonia solanacearum en tomate (Yamazaki y Hoshina, 1995;Jiang et al, 2013). Cabe indicar que la eficacia en el control de la cenicilla del pepino mediante aplicación foliar de NCa no se había documentado.…”

“…Documented evidence explains that the effect against the development of diseases is because the inorganic to be applied to crop plants salts, can act directly on the growth, development and reproduction of pathogens (Biggs et al, 1997;Chardonnet et al, 2000;Campanella et al, 2002;Tian et al, 2002;Sugimoto et al, 2005;Sugimoto et al, 2008;Lim et al, 2013) and indirectly by improving the mechanisms of structural defense (Schober and Verneulen, 1999;Manganaris et al 2005;Benson et al, 2009;Jiang et al, 2013;Serrano et al, 2013) and biochemistry in plants (Yandoc-Ables et al, 2007;Amiri and Bompeix, 2007;Deliopoulos et al, 2010;Anderson et al, 2012;Lim et al, 2013).…”

Calcium soil amendment increases resistance of potato to blackleg and soft rot pathogens

“…Although calcium has been reported to be effective in disease management in different crops [13], including blackleg and soft rot in potato [7,8], the effect of this nutrient on disease resistance in potatoes has not been investigated in Zimbabwe. In addition, most Zimbabwean potato farmers do not apply calcium fertilizers to crops.…”

Phytophthora erythroseptica (Pink Rot) Development in Russet Norkotah Potato Grown in Buffered Hydroponic Solutions II. pH Effects

“…How pH affects conditions for P. erythroseptica infection is not clear, although it is known that the availability of nutrients to the host is confounded depending upon the pH of the environment (Tisdale et al 1993). The effect of soil pH in the field is difficult to separate from a depletion or an excess of particular ions, but can be evaluated using nutrient solutions in a hydroponic growth system (Benson et al 2009). Therefore, the objective of this study is to confirm an effect of pH on the level of infection of P. erythroseptica in Russet Norkotah potatoes grown under hydroponic conditions.…”