Phytophthora alder decline: disease symptoms, causal agent and its distribution in the Czech Republic

Černý, K.; Strnadová, V.

doi:10.17221/43/2009-pps

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Their seedlings resist direct solar radiation and frost fairly well, and in the past they also suffered minimal disease attacks (Hubbes, 1983). More recently, after 1993, Phytophthora decline of riparian alder populations has become an important problem in Europe (Černý & Strnadová, 2010). After felling, new alder vegetation rises from both root and stump shoots, making artificial afforestation of clearings redundant (Saarsalmi et al, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural diversity and production of alder stands on former agricultural land at high altitudes

Vacek¹,

Vacek²,

Podrázský³

et al. 2016

Dendrobiology

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Abstract:The paper deals with the structural diversity and production of a less frequently studied type of alder stands originated on former agricultural lands in the 1950s, established partly by plantation and partly by natural succession in the area of the Krkonoše Mts. and the Orlické hory Mts. (Czech Republic). Four permanent research plots (PRP) were established at sites where Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L. Gaertn.) and Grey alder (Alnus incana L. Moench.) naturally occurs, each plot of 0.25 ha in size. The aim of the study was to evaluate the structure and development of the alder stands with respect to biodiversity, horizontal, vertical and species structure, diameter increment with emphasis on climate factors, and the quantity and quality of timber production. The results document low diversification of the studied stands in the PRPs. The horizontal structure is defined as random and clumped at sites at the highest altitude with high water table. The number of living trees with DBH ≥ 4 cm ranges between 556 to 828 trees ha -1 with the relative stand density index (SDI) 0.67-0.77. The stand volume ranges from 247 to 393 m 3 ha -1, and decreases with higher altitudes. Low temperatures is limiting factor for radial growth in the high mountain areas, respectively low precipitation in the middle lands. Owing to a rather specific site character, as especially the spring area, the stands exhibit only average production, but the production quality is generally high. The quality timber is suitable for industrial use; the rot-affected trunk base parts usable for fuel represent only approximately 16%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural diversity and production of alder stands on former agricultural land at high altitudes

Vacek¹,

Vacek²,

Podrázský³

et al. 2016

Dendrobiology

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“…alni has appeared as a highly aggressive pathogen on seeds and seedlings of A. glutinosa. The high aggressiveness of P. alni has been already stated by other authors in several European countries (Brasier et al, 1995;Gibbs, 1995;Szabó et al, 2000;Santini et al, 2001;Streito et al, 2002;Nagy et al, 2003;Jung and Blaschke, 2004;Cerný and Strnadová, 2010;Solla et al, 2010;Varela et al, 2010). Pathogenic ability of P. alni on seeds of A. glutinosa has been revealed from a similar laboratory test made by Schumacher et al (2006), where seeds were inoculated with a zoospore suspension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…The association of P. alni in the decline and mortality process of alders has been the center point of several studies in different parts of the world (Gibbs, 1995;Gibbs et al, 1999;Santini et al, 2001;Brasier and Kirk, 2001;Brasier, 2003;Gibbs et al, 2003;Santini et al, 2003;Jung and Blaschke, 2004;Ioos et al, 2005;Cerný and Strnadová, 2010;Solla et al, 2010;Varela et al, 2010). Phytophthora decline of the riparian alder population has recently become an important problem in Spain because of the rapid spreading of the causal pathogen.…”

Section: Phytophthora Isolates and Inoculum Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) seeds and seedlings to Phytophthora alni and other Phytophthora species

Haque

2012

For. syst.

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Phytophthora alni is a highly destructive host specific pathogen to alders (Alnus spp.) spreading all over Europe. Recently this pathogen has been reported to cause diseases in common alder (Alnus glutinosa) in Spain. Seeds and seedlings of A. glutinosa were tested in vitro for their susceptibility to alder Phytophthora and other Phytophthora species. Isolates of P. alni ssp. alni, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora were used in the experiments. Seeds and seedlings were inoculated with a zoospore suspension and uniform mycelial blocks of agar of the Phytophthora species. Susceptibility was calculated in terms of pathogen virulence on seed germination and seedling mortality 42 and 67 days after inoculation respectively. Seed germination and seedling mortality rates varied differently among the isolates used. Results implied that common alder and its seeds and seedlings are at risk to be infected by P. alni. In addition, other Phytophthora species are able to infect this kind of material showing their relative host non-specificity. This is one important finding concerning alder regeneration in infected areas, and the possibility of disease spread on this plant material.Key words: Alder diseases; virulence; zoospore suspension; V8 agar; forest pathology. ResumenSusceptibilidad de las semillas y brotes de aliso común (Alnus glutinosa) a Phytophthora alni y otras especies del género Phytophthora Phytophthora alni es un patógeno muy destructivo de los alisos (Alnus spp.) que se está expandiendo por toda Europa. Recientemente este patógeno ha sido citado como causante de enfermedades del aliso común (Alnus glutinosa) en España. Semillas y plántulas de A. glutinosa fueron analizadas in vitro para ver su susceptibilidad a Phytophthora alni y otras especies del género Phytophthora. En el experimento se usaron aislamientos de P. alni ssp. alni, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae y P. palmivora. Las semillas fueron inoculadas con una suspension de zoosporas mientras que las plántulas fueron inoculadas con bloques uniformes de micelio de agar de las especies de Phytophthora utilizadas. La susceptibilidad fue calculada evaluando la germinación de las semillas y la mortalidad de las plántulas después de 42 y 67 días tras la inoculación respectivamente. Los ratios de germinación de las semillas y de mortalidad de las plántulas variaron significativamente entre los aislamientos utilizados. Los resultados demostraron que el aliso común y sus semillas y plántulas tienen riesgo de ser infectados por P. alni. Además, otras especies de Phytophthora fueron capaces de infectar, lo que evidenció una relativa falta de especificidad por el hospedante. Estos datos son importantes por su transcendencia para la regenaración del aliso en las áreas infectadas, y la dispersión de la enfermedad en este material vegetal.

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“…Ten PAA isolates were isolated from active stem lesions of Alnus glutinosa trees (Černý and Strnadová, 2010) …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…alni Brasier et S.A. Kirk (PAA) causes devastating epidemics in black and grey alder in many European countries (Gibbs et al, 1999;Blaschke, 2004, 2006;Schumacher, 2006;Streito et al, 2002), including the Czech Republic (Černý and Strnadová, 2010). The pathogen causes lethal root and collar rot on the hosts and can persist in the host tissues for several years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of low temperature and frost duration on Phytophthora alni subsp. alni viability

2012

Self Cite

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Limits on the survival of P. alni subsp. alni (PAA) due to low temperature can be expected based on previously published laboratory and field studies. This study presents a laboratory experiment to test the influence of low temperature and frost duration on PAA viability. Ten PAA isolates were incubated at different temperatures (-0.1, -2.5, -5.0, -7.5, and -10.0 °C) and frost durations (0 -7, 14, 21, and 28 days). A regression analysis confirmed the significant influence of both factors (low temperature and frost duration, and their interaction) on the survival of the pathogen under laboratory conditions. The survival and failure time analysis showed that the survival of the pathogen differs significantly after mild frost (all the isolates tested survived temperatures between -0.1 and -5.0 °C during the entire testing period) and heavy frost (the pathogen died after 21 days of incubation at -7.5 °C and after 2 days at -10.0 °C). Moreover, the viability of the pathogen decreased significantly if the temperature of -5.0 °C was maintained for at least 1 week and the temperature of -7.5 °C persisted in laboratory conditions for at least 4 days. The results of the study proved the pathogen to be very sensitive to heavy frost. The low-temperature limits for PAA occur regularly in Central Europe in January. It is probable that these temperatures can reduce PAA populations in diseased black alder stems. The climate change characterised by increases in the lowest minimum winter temperatures in Central Europe (as hypothesised by IPCC) may pose a significant risk for affected alder population in the area.Key words: phytophthora alder disease; winter survival; viability; temperature; frost. ResumenInfluencia de las bajas temperaturas y la duración de las heladas en la viabilidad de Phytophthora alni subsp. alniSe pueden esperar límites a la supervivencia de P. alni subsp. alni (PAA), debido a las bajas temperaturas basándo-se en resultados obtenidos en laboratorio y estudios de campo. Este estudio presenta un experimento de laboratorio para probar la influencia de las bajas temperaturas y la duración de las heladas sobre la viabilidad de PAA. Se incubaron diez cepas PAA a diferentes temperaturas (-0,1, -2,5, -5,0, -7,5 y -10,0 °C) y duración de heladas (0 -7, 14, 21, y 28 días). Un análisis de regresión confirmó la importante influencia de ambos factores (bajas temperaturas y la duración de heladas, así como su interacción) en la supervivencia del patógeno en las condiciones de laboratorio. La supervivencia y el análisis de tiempo de fallo demostró que la supervivencia del patógeno difiere significativamente después de las heladas suaves (todas las cepas aisladas sobrevivieron a temperaturas entre -0,1 y -5,0 °C durante el período completo de la prueba) y heladas fuertes (el patógeno murió tras 21 días de incubación a -7,5 °C y después de 2 días a -10,0 °C). Además, la viabilidad del patógeno disminuyó significativamente si la temperatura de -5,0 °C se mantenía durante al menos 1 semana, o la temperatura de -7,5 °C...

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Phytophthora alder decline: disease symptoms, causal agent and its distribution in the Czech Republic

Cited by 20 publications

References 14 publications

Structural diversity and production of alder stands on former agricultural land at high altitudes

Structural diversity and production of alder stands on former agricultural land at high altitudes

Susceptibility of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) seeds and seedlings to Phytophthora alni and other Phytophthora species

Influence of low temperature and frost duration on Phytophthora alni subsp. alni viability

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