Susceptibility of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) seeds and seedlings to Phytophthora alni and other Phytophthora species

Haque, Mohammed Masum Ul

doi:10.5424/fs/2012212-02267

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Bar = 20 lm between the two inoculation methods used might have influenced the results. Nevertheless, previous research showed that depending on the inoculation method, the symptoms shown by seedlings and their final mortality differed significantly (Hansen et al 2005;Haque and Diez 2012;Rytkönen et al 2013). Each host may show a different infection process (Cahill et al 1989) depending on the species of Phytophthora and the inoculation method used, as indicated by the significant Phytophthora spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each host may show a different infection process (Cahill et al 1989) depending on the species of Phytophthora and the inoculation method used, as indicated by the significant Phytophthora spp. 9 inoculation method interaction reported by Haque and Diez (2012). Using the dip method with a suspension of P. cinnamomi chlamydospores, at 3 dpi all tissues of secondary Q. ilex roots were colonized, but first aerial symptoms consisted of leaf discolouration by 14 dpi (Ruiz Gómez et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histology of Quercus ilex roots during infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi

Redondo

Pérez‐Sierra

Abad-Campos

et al. 2015

Trees

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Key message The speed of infection of Quercus ilex by Phytophthora cinnamomi is influenced by the method of inoculation used, and structural changes in the host do not differ depending on whether primary or secondary roots are infected. Abstract This study aimed to elucidate the infection process of the invasive pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi on primary and secondary roots of 2-month-old Quercus ilex seedlings. To test if different methods of inoculation lead to different changes in the host caused by the pathogen, the root system of plants was either immersed into a suspension of P. cinnamomi zoospores, or placed in direct contact with agar plugs colonized by P. cinnamomi mycelium. Histology of root sections obtained every 24 h for 10 days revealed similar changes in the structure of cells and tissues of the host irrespective of the inoculation method used. However, the immersion method resulted in a delay in the colonization of the host, different aerial symptoms, and the formation of different reproductive structures of the pathogen. Emerging secondary and tertiary roots and sites where secondary or tertiary roots were about to emerge were identified as main entry points. Hyphae in the xylem tissues were more frequently found in secondary than in primary roots, but in both types of roots the phloem was the most important pathway of colonization. For the first time in the interaction between Q. ilex and P. cinnamomi, transmission electron microscopy was used to describe degradation of the host cell walls, pit penetration and extrahaustorial matrix. Haustoria development during intracellular growth and hyphal aggregations (stromata) caused no damage to the host cell walls indicating hemibiotrophic parasitism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histology of Quercus ilex roots during infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi

Redondo

Pérez‐Sierra

Abad-Campos

et al. 2015

Trees

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“…alni corresponds to a 'standard' type, P. alni ssp. multiformis are highly aggressive on inoculated seedlings and logs of A. glutinosa (Brasier and Kirk 2001;Cern y and Strnadov a 2010;Haque and Diez 2012), whereas P. alni ssp. uniformis corresponding to Swedish variant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…alni and P. alni ssp. multiformis are highly aggressive on inoculated seedlings and logs of A. glutinosa (Brasier and Kirk 2001;Cern y and Strnadov a 2010;Haque and Diez 2012), whereas P. alni ssp. uniformis proved weakly pathogenic in log inoculations (Brasier and Kirk 2001) but highly pathogenic on one-and 2-year-old seedlings (Santini et al 2003(Santini et al , 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in pathogenicity among the three subspecies ofPhytophthora alnion detached leaves, twigs and branches ofAlnus glutinosa

Haque

Martín‐García

2015

Forest Pathology

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Pathogenicity tests were carried out on leaves, twigs and branches of Alnus glutinosa using several isolates of Phytophthora alni ssp. alni, P. alni ssp. multiformis and P. alni ssp. uniformis in vitro. Healthy fresh leaves were collected from disease-free areas and inoculated with mycelium on agar discs or by dipping in zoospore suspensions. In addition, twigs and branches were collected from both disease-free and disease-affected areas, inoculated with mycelium on agar discs and incubated at four temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30°C). All subspecies tested were pathogenic but with varied level of virulence. In inoculation tests on foliage, wounding was a key factor in causing infections: lesions on inoculated wounded leaves were larger than on non-wounded leaves. In the twig and branch inoculation tests, no differences in virulence were observed among the P. alni subspecies in terms of sampling locations, but lesions differed in size according to incubation temperature, with the largest lesions occurring on tissues incubated at 25°C. The work is the first to report foliar necrosis caused by P. alni on A. glutinosa. P. alni ssp. uniformis was the least virulent of the subspecies in branch inoculations. These findings demonstrate that various tissues of A. glutinosa could act as sources of pathogen inoculum and may disseminate alder Phytophthora in natural ecosystems.

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“…Both P. alni complex and P. plurivora have a high pathogenic capacity (Brasier et al, 2004;Jung & Burgess, 2009) and are invasive pathogens in Spain. While several studies have demonstrated that P. alni complex is relatively specific to alders (Brasier & Kirk, 2001;Haque & Diez, 2012;Santini, Barzanti, & Capretti, 2003;Santini, Biancalani, Barzanti, & Capretti, 2006), P. plurivora has been associated with serious forest decline and damage in several seminatural ecosystems across Europe (Jung & Burgess, 2009;Vitas, Oszako, Nowakowska, Sikora, & Stankeviciene, 2012) under its original classification as P. citricola. Alder trees are mainly infected via lenticels and adventitious roots during temporary flooding events, while roots are the primary site of infection in nursery-grown alder saplings planted in unflooded sites (Oßwald et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity of Phytophthora alni complex and P. plurivora in Alnus glutinosa seedlings

2016

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Summary The ecological importance of riparian forests is well known. However, these forest habitats have been disturbed by human activities over the past century as a result of the introduction of flow regulations. Mortality of the riparian alder population caused by Phytophthora has become an important issue in Europe in the past two decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the pathogenicity of the Phytophthora alni complex (P. xalni, P. uniformis and P. xmultiformis) and P. plurivora in Alnus glutinosa seedlings. Phytophthora alni complex has traditionally been identified as the main causal agent of alder decline; however, in this study, P. plurivora was found to cause as much damage in inoculated seedlings as P. alni complex. In fact, Spanish isolates of P. xalni caused mortality rates of ca. 30%, whereas P. plurivora killed ca. 50% of seedlings. Likewise, there were no differences between P. xalni ‐ and P. plurivora‐inoculated seedlings in either the length of lesion or biomass allocation. The pathogenicity of the species within P. alni complex did not differ significantly. The findings confirm that P. plurivora, which is one of the most common species of Phytophthora found in European nurseries, is highly pathogenic to alder seedlings. Urgent implementation of measures to prevent the risk of spread of the pathogen from nurseries to natural ecosystems is required. Further studies are required to clarify the role that P. plurivora is playing in alder decline both individually and in combination with P. alni complex.

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Susceptibility of common alder (Alnus glutinosa) seeds and seedlings to Phytophthora alni and other Phytophthora species

Cited by 13 publications

References 34 publications

Histology of Quercus ilex roots during infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi

Histology of Quercus ilex roots during infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi

Variation in pathogenicity among the three subspecies ofPhytophthora alnion detached leaves, twigs and branches ofAlnus glutinosa

Pathogenicity of Phytophthora alni complex and P. plurivora in Alnus glutinosa seedlings

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