Phytogenic Synthesis of Pd-Ag/rGO Nanostructures Using Stevia Leaf Extract for Photocatalytic H2 Production and Antibacterial Studies

Abstract

Continuously increasing energy demand and growing concern about energy resources has attracted much research in the field of clean and sustainable energy sources. In this context, zero-emission fuels are required for energy production to reduce the usage of fossil fuel resources. Here, we present the synthesis of Pd-Ag-decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanostructures using a green chemical approach with stevia extract for hydrogen production and antibacterial studies under light irradiation. Moreover, bimetallic nanostructures are potentially lime lighted due to their synergetic effect in both scientific and technical aspects. Structural characteristics such as crystal structure and morphological features of the synthesized nanostructures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of elemental composition and oxidation states was carried out by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Optical characteristics of the biosynthesized nanostructures were obtained by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate possible functional groups that act as reducing and capping agents. The antimicrobial activity of the biosynthesized Pd-Ag-decorated rGO nanostructures was excellent, inactivating 96% of Escherichia coli cells during experiments over 150 min under visible light irradiation. Hence, these biosynthesized Pd-Ag-decorated rGO nanostructures can be utilized for alternative nanomaterial-based drug development in the future.

Plant-Based Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization and Applications

“…It is essential that these NPs be precisely and thoroughly characterized in order to ensure reproducibility in their production, biological activity, and safety. For this purpose, a wide range of physicochemical methods are used to very precisely characterized the synthesized NPs including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), attenuated total reflection (ATR), Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence analysis (PL), dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), energy dispersion analysis of X-ray (EDAX), thermal gravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”

“…In particular, green AgNPs prepared from a Carissa carandas leaf extract demonstrated antibacterial efficacy against a variety of human pathogenic bacteria, with Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Shigella flexineri responsible for shigellosis, being more likely to be inhibited [ 27 ]. Similarly, bimetallic nanostructures coated with reduced graphene oxide generated from a stevia leaf extract, such as Pd-Ag nanostructures, can limit the development of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli [ 23 ]. AgNPs obtained from the Saudi Arabian desert plant Sisymbrium irio showed potent inhibition potential against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii that are responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia [ 38 ].…”

“…MnONPs produced from an Abutilon indicum leaf extract has shown efficient absorption activity against the heavy metal CrVI as well as strong photocatalytic activity, indicating the potential to remediate various organic and inorganic contaminants [ 25 ]. Finally, the photocatalytic H 2 production, mediated by Pd-Ag bimetallic nanostructures coated with reduced graphene oxide produced from a stevia leaf extract, can be noted [ 23 ].…”

One-Step In Situ Patternable Reduction of a Ag–rGO Hybrid Using Temporally Shaped Femtosecond Pulses

“…Metallic nanoparticle (NP)-two-dimensional material hybrids have been adopted in various fields, such as nanoelectronics [1,2], drug delivery [3], sensors [4,5], catalysis [6][7][8][9], and energy [10]. Such hybrid films not only retain the inherent properties of their component materials but also possess multiple new properties that single-component or multilayer films do not have.…”

Microwave-irradiated novel mesoporous nickel oxide carbon nanocomposite electrodes for supercapacitor application

“…Reduced graphene oxide(rGO) is an excellent candidate for manufacture new complexes containing sp2 -hybridized carbon atoms with a twodimensional (2D) structure. rGO generates keen interest from researchers because of its specific characteristics such as high conductivity, large surface area, and stability in different chemical environments [3] . The metal oxide rGObased nanocomposite electrodes can quickly transfer electrons across the energy bands due to the graphene's high work function, which encourages materials' reactivity.…”