Phytogenic Selenium Nanoparticles Elicited the Physiological, Biochemical, and Antioxidant Defense System Amelioration of Huanglongbing-Infected ‘Kinnow’ Mandarin Plants

Abstract

Citrus greening or huanglongbing (HLB) is commonly known as yellow dragon disease and affects citrus production worldwide. Therefore, it has a significant impact on and deleterious effects in the agro-industrial sector. Significant efforts have been made to combat this disease and mitigate its destructive impact on citrus production, but still, there is no effective biocompatible treatment available to control HLB disorder. This study is considered the first biocompatible approach to evaluate the potential of phytogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to improve the health of HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants. Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) with specific primers were used to detect HLB disease in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants, and PCR products were sequenced to identify Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), and accession numbers for CLas1 and CLas2, MZ851933 and MZ851934, respectively, were obtained. SeNPs were synthesized by using Allium sativum L. clove extract as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent and various techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, energy dispersive X-rays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to confirm the biogenesis of SeNPs. Different concentrations of SeNPs (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L–1) were exogenously applied to HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants and obtained spectacular results. The obtained results from the current study proved that 75 mg L–1 of SeNPs was most effective to improve the chlorophyll, carotenoids, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), total soluble sugar (TSS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) and significant decrease was observed in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline (PRO) contents of HLB-infected ‘Kinnow’ mandarin plants as compared to untreated diseased citrus plants. In conclusion, these results allow us to synthesize the SeNPs formulation as a promising management strategy to treat the HLB disease in citrus plants.

Green Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Waste: Characterization, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

“…The peaks of carbon and oxygen may be surrounding the Se-NPs. These results are in agreement with [49,50].…”

“…The pea of carbon and oxygen may be surrounding the Se-NPs. These results are in agreeme with [49,50]. All the area peaks were similar to the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) of Se-NPs with the standarddcard JCPDS, file no.…”

Unveiling Antimicrobial and Insecticidal Activities of Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Prickly Pear Peel Waste

“…In the mapping, the “carbon” and “oxygen” relate to the PPPW extract, while the “selenium” refer to the synthesis of SeNPs ( Figure 4 D–F). These outcomes are consistent with previous studies [ 68 , 69 ].…”

Effects of Edaphic Fertilization and Foliar Application of Se and Zn Nanoparticles on Yield and Bioactive Compounds in Malus domestica L.

“…In other fruits, such as pomegranate [25], grapes [43], and orange [44], ZnO NP application also increased the sugars. The foliar application of Se NPs increased the sugars in strawberry, pomegranate, and mandarin [22,27,45] because Se increases the activity of the enzyme fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, which is related to the metabolism of carbohydrates [27]. The determination of the sugar contents in fruits is an important indicator to evaluate the quality and flavor of the fruit; sugar acts as the main substrate that provides structural material and energy for the plant's defense response, hormone-signaling molecules, and regulation of the plant immune system [25,45,46].…”

“…In other studies, authors reported increases in the total phenols and flavonoids in fruit trees due to Zn and B NPs, such as pomegranate [25], and, in one study, the authors reported an increase in these compounds in melon with foliar applications with Zn NPs at 50 mg L −1 [38]. Se NPs at a concentration of 75 mg L −1 increased the phenols and flavonoids by up to 54.23 and 46.99%, respectively, in mandarin fruits [45]. Other researchers reported higher proportions of flavonoids than total phenols [53].…”