Phytogenic products, used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, modify the intestinal microbiota derived from a range of production systems: an in vitro model

Bajagai, Yadav S.; Alsemgeest, Jenifer; Moore, Robert J.; Van, Thi Thu Hao; Stanley, Dragana

doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10998-x

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The recent increase in the use of Bacillus spp. strains as probiotics is due to bacterial resistance problems derived from the overuse of antibiotics at subtherapeutic doses, that is, growth-promoting antibiotics in production systems ( 38 ). This trend is marked global since several species of the genus Bacillus produce antimicrobial compounds, such as lipopeptides, surfactin, bacteriocins, and bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances, which affect both Gram-positive and Gram-negative harmful bacteria, making them the most promising viable alternatives to the use of antibiotics ( 8 , 39 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Genome Sequence and Interaction Analysis in the Production of Six Enzymes From the Three Bacillus Strains Present in a Commercial Direct-Fed Microbial (Norum™) Using a Bliss Independence Test

et al. 2022

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The three Bacillus strains present in Norum™ were initially selected by their excellent to good relative enzyme activity (REA) production score for amylase, protease, lipase, phytase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and xylanase. Further studies confirmed that the three isolates also showed an antibacterial activity, Gram-positive and Gram-negative poultry pathogens. Norum™ (Eco-Bio/Euxxis Bioscience LLC) is a Bacillus spore direct-fed microbial (DFM). The Bacillus isolates were screened and selected based on in vitro enzyme production profiles. Moreover, in chickens fed high non-starch polysaccharides, this DFM demonstrated to reduce digesta viscosity, bacterial translocation, increase performance, bone mineralization, and balance the intestinal microbiota. In the present study, we present the whole-genome sequence of each of the three isolates in Norum™, as well as the synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects on the enzyme production behavior of the three Bacillus strains and their combinations when grown together vs. when grown individually. The whole-genome sequence identified isolate AM1002 as Bacillus subtilis (isolate 1), isolate AM0938 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (isolate 2), and isolate JD17 as Bacillus licheniformis (isolate 3). The three Bacillus isolates used in the present study produce different enzymes (xylanase, cellulase, phytase, lipase, protease, and β-glucanase). However, this production was modified when two or more Bacillus strains were combined, suggesting possible synergistic, antagonistic, or additive interactions. The Bliss analysis suggested (p < 0.05) that the combination of Bacillus strains 1–2 and 1–2–3 had intermediate effects and predicted that the combination of Bacillus strains 2–3 could have better effects than the combination of all the three Bacillus strains. In summary, the current study demonstrated the need of selecting Bacillus strains based on quantitative enzyme determination and data analysis to assess the impacts of combinations to avoid antagonistic interactions that could limit treatment efficacy. These results suggest that using Bacillus strains 2–3 together could lead to a new generation of DFMs with effects superior to those already examined in Bacillus strains 1–2–3 and, therefore, a potential alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics. More research utilizing poultry models is being considered to confirm and expand the existing findings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Genome Sequence and Interaction Analysis in the Production of Six Enzymes From the Three Bacillus Strains Present in a Commercial Direct-Fed Microbial (Norum™) Using a Bliss Independence Test

et al. 2022

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“…The essential components in these food items are the polyphenols-which have unique properties-the most important being their antioxidant characteristic [69]. Prebiotics, probiotics, and phytobiotics have chemical components such as dietary fibers (Fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, whole grains), which are beneficial for maintaining a healthy microbiota within the gut [32,[70][71][72]. Together these reduce the risk of metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions and cancer [73][74][75].…”

Section: Improving Health Via Fmtmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Biotherapeutic Agent: Akkermansia

et al. 2021

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The human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a well-recognized hub of microbial activities. The microbiota harboring the mucus layer of the GIT act as a defense against noxious substances, and pathogens including Clostridium difficile , Enterococcus faecium , Escherichia coli , Salmonella Typhimurium. Toxins, pathogens, and antibiotics perturb the commensal floral composition within the GIT. Imbalanced gut microbiota leads to dysbiosis, manifested as diseases ranging from obesity, diabetes, and cancer to reduced lifespan. Among the bacteria present in the gut microbiome, the most beneficial are those representing Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Recent studies have revealed the emergence of a novel biotherapeutic agent, Akkermansia , which is instrumental in regaining eubiosis and conferring various health benefits.

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“…The successful transition to a post-antibiotic world may therefore be dependent on bioindustries, or governments, shoring up research into alternative non-antimicrobial solutions to disease risk such as organic acids [61], phytogenic products [62] or bacteriophages [63]. Non-pharmaceutical mechanisms to maintain or even increase agricultural production, such as improved hygiene [64,65] could also be used instead of, or alongside, use reduction policies, and may be possible to implement with less risk to farming systems and the people who depend on them for food.…”

Section: Extending Rights To the More-than-human Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Use of Antimicrobials as a Solution to the Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Approaching an Ethical Dilemma through the Lens of Planetary Health

2021

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Controlled dispensation of antimicrobial drugs is the most echoed solution among many that have been postulated to counter this problem. However, the life-impacting significance of antimicrobials makes this approach a very complex one, which must be considered under the lens of health and planetary ethics. As the problem of AMR is not peculiar to only a few people, the right to know the risk, as well as decisions as to when and how antimicrobials are used should, not be granted to only a few decision makers, but be used as drivers to advance planetary health knowledge in a way that benefits individuals, society, and future generations. Within an ethical framework, implementing policies that extend the efficacy period of antimicrobials should be considered in a way that balances range, choice, and quality of drugs against stewardship activities. The challenge of AMR cannot be eliminated completely by reduced use of antimicrobials only; understanding how, where and when reduction is necessary, and social structures and patterns (as well as existing health and government systems) are required if any global/national intervention would be successful and equitable. We may well have gone past the stage of adopting precautionary principles as the danger we face presents no iota of uncertainty. The measures to control AMR’s emergence and its spread are well presented. Nevertheless, we must not ere from the path of justice and equity even in the face of certain danger.

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Phytogenic products, used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, modify the intestinal microbiota derived from a range of production systems: an in vitro model

Cited by 19 publications

References 41 publications

Whole-Genome Sequence and Interaction Analysis in the Production of Six Enzymes From the Three Bacillus Strains Present in a Commercial Direct-Fed Microbial (Norum™) Using a Bliss Independence Test

Whole-Genome Sequence and Interaction Analysis in the Production of Six Enzymes From the Three Bacillus Strains Present in a Commercial Direct-Fed Microbial (Norum™) Using a Bliss Independence Test

The Emerging Biotherapeutic Agent: Akkermansia

Reducing the Use of Antimicrobials as a Solution to the Challenge of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): Approaching an Ethical Dilemma through the Lens of Planetary Health

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