The Emerging Biotherapeutic Agent: Akkermansia

Abstract

The human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is a well-recognized hub of microbial activities. The microbiota harboring the mucus layer of the GIT act as a defense against noxious substances, and pathogens including Clostridium difficile , Enterococcus faecium , Escherichia coli , Salmonella Typhimurium. Toxins, pathogens, and antibiotics perturb the commensal floral composition within the GIT. Imbalanced gut microbiota leads to dysbiosis, manifested as diseases ranging from obesity, diabetes, and cancer to reduced lifespan. Among the bacteria present in the gut microbiome, the most beneficial are those representing Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Recent studies have revealed the emergence of a novel biotherapeutic agent, Akkermansia , which is instrumental in regaining eubiosis and conferring various health benefits.

Structural characteristics and immunostimulatory activity of sea cucumber tendon polysaccharides in cyclophosphamide-induced Balb/c mice

“…56 It may even have a potential therapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease. 57 Its quantity is affected by various genetic and nutritional factors. 58 Zhu et al .…”

“…56 It may even have a potential therapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease. 57 Its quantity is affected by various genetic and nutritional factors. 58 Zhu et al reported that sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumber (SCSPs) enriched probiotic Akkermansia and reduce endotoxin-bearing Proteobacteria to prevent HFD-induced gut disorder.…”

Clostridium, Bacteroides and Prevotella associates with increased fecal metabolites Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-proline and Genistein in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients during anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy with isoniazid-rifampin-pyrazinamide-ethambutol (HRZE)

“…The immune system can continuously scan the intestinal microenvironment to obtain information about the metabolic status and colonization status of the microbiota. Recent studies have uncovered that microbial metabolites play an important role in regulating the immune system [ 24 ]. By altering the production of butyric acid and propionic acid, the intestinal microbiota leads to impaired immune function in TB patients [ 10 ].…”

An insight to the therapeutic potential of algae-derived sulfated polysaccharides and polyunsaturated fatty acids: Focusing on the COVID-19

“…Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia are the most common gut microbial Bacteroidetes phylum [44] , accounting for 90% of gut microbiota. Among the bacteria present in the gut microbiome, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the most beneficial [45] . Lactobacillus, Bacillus , Clostridium , Enterococcus , and Ruminicoccus are among the more than 200 genera that make up the Firmicutes phylum.…”