Phytoconstituents of the Gynura procumbens ethanol leaf extract and its fractions and their effects on viability of macrophages

Abstract

Introduction: Gynura procumbens (GP) is a medicinal plant with numerous beneficial pharmacological activities. The aim of this study was to identify the bioactive phytoconstituents in GP ethanol extract and hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of GP, and also to evaluate the cell viability of GP ethanol extract and its fractions-treated RAW264.7 cells.Methods: The ethanol GP leaf extract was prepared and further subjected to fractionation. The cell viability of GP ethanol extract and its fractions-treated RAW264.7 cells were measured by PrestoBlue. The phytoconstituents of GP ethanol extract and its fraction were determined by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).Results: RAW264.7 cells exposed to the GP ethanol extract and its fractions showed significantly high proliferation and weak cytotoxic effect on the macrophages, with an average inhibitory concentration of 90% at 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. However, at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, the aqueous GP fraction clearly displayed anti-proliferative properties because the cell viability of aqueous GP fraction-treated RAW264.7 cells reduced to 64%, 29% and 4% after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation, respectively. The GP extracts and its fractions contained mainly fatty acids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, and products of chlorophyll breakdown.Conclusion: GP ethanol extract and its fractions at certain concentrations may act as immunomodulators, as they induced promising proliferation activity of macrophages. Further studies are needed to determine either the identified chemical compounds influenced on the proliferation of macrophages solely or cooperatively.

Gynura procumbens ethanol extract and its fractions inhibit Th1, Th2 and Th17 but induce Treg cells differentiation during atherosclerosis development

“…at Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia (GPS coordinate: 5.5210° N, 100.4370° E) and a sample of the plant was identified by a botanist from the School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia and deposited at the USM Herbarium with voucher number of 11753. The preparation of GP ethanol extract and its fractions were described by Manogaran et al (6,13).…”

“…These pharmacological benefits were induced by chemical constituents found in GP such as kaempferol, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, rutin, and sterol glycosides (4,5). Recently, LC-MS/MS analysis of GP ethanol extract and its fractions exhibited various biochemical compounds originated from flavonoids, fatty acids, sesquiterpenoids, and the products of chlorophyll breakdown (6).…”

Gynura procumbens ethanol extract improves vascular dysfunction by suppressing inflammation in postmenopausal rats fed a high-fat diet

“…(GP) (Asteraceae), commonly known as 'Sambung nyawa' in Malaysia, is used traditionally to treat various ailments, such as fever, rashes, constipation, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, urinary tract infection, and kidney disease (Puangpronp et al 2010;Mou and Dash 2016). Previous studies have revealed the active constituents of GP extract were made up of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and sterol glycosides (Kaewseejan et al 2015;Ashraf 2019;Manogaran et al 2019). Other studies reported that the leaf extract of GP contained several potential antioxidant components including kaempferol, astragalin, kaempferol-3-Orutinoside, rutin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid (Rosidah et al 2008;Ahmad Nazri et al 2019).…”

“… 2015 ; Ashraf 2019 ; Manogaran et al. 2019 ). Other studies reported that the leaf extract of GP contained several potential antioxidant components including kaempferol, astragalin, kaempferol-3- O -rutinoside, rutin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid (Rosidah et al.…”

Phytochemical Profiling of <i>Gynura procumbens</i> (Lour.) Merr. Leaves and Stem Extracts Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS

“…The biological activity is affected by the presence of its metabolites. The detected bioactive metabolites in the leaves of G. procumbens include phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and steroid glycosides [4][5][6].…”