Phytochemistry of the fossilized-cuticle frond Macroneuropteris macrophylla (Pennsylvanian seed fern, Canada)

The systematic and palaeoecological value of foliage anatomy in Late Palaeozoic medullosalean seed-plants

“…In some cases, they occurred on most, if not all, lower epidermal cells, while in others they appeared only on the subsidiary or neighbour cells of the stomata, overarching the pore. As pointed out by Kerp & Barthel (1993), however, the presence of papillae can be a very variable feature, even within a single species, and great care must be taken when trying to use them as a diagnostic character; Zodrow et al (2010), for instance, found that in Macroneuropteris macrophylla there were more and larger papillae in the basal part of the frond than in more proximal parts. In most species the papillae were short, conical objects, the only exception being Neuralethopteris schlehanii where there was a gradation from short, conical to elongate papillae; the latter were in effect unicellular hairs.…”

“…As an example, Brenner (1900) reported that Crassula portulacacea Lam has non-papillate cells under normal conditions, but develops papillae when grown in damp situations. The increased size and density of papillae in the lower part of Macroneuropteris macrophylla fronds was interpreted by Zodrow et al (2010) as being an adaptation to avoid water run-off down the leaf from causing blockage to the stomata on the lower pinnules.…”

Influence of the hydrothermal dewatering on the combustion characteristics of Chinese low-rank coals

“…The value of many parameters [24,25] related to the microstructure, the physicochemical characteristics, and the rank of coals can be calculated from the intensities of the infrared spectrum absorptions, as shown in Table 2.…”

Effects of microwave irradiation treatment on physicochemical characteristics of Chinese low-rank coals

“…As shown in Fig. 6, a large number of parameters [23,24] associated with coal microstructure, chemical characteristics, and the coal rank can be calculated based on the intensities of infrared spectrum absorption. These parameters include carbonyl/aromatic, methyl/methylene, and aromatic/aliphatic ratios.…”