Phytochemicals from Mangifera pajang Kosterm and their biological activities

Abstract

BackgroundMangifera pajang Kosterm is a plant species from the mango family (Anacardiaceae). The fruits are edible and have been reported to have high antioxidant content. However, the detailed phytochemical studies of the plant have not been reported previously. This study investigates the phytochemicals and biological activities of different parts of Mangifera pajang.MethodsThe plant samples were extracted with solvents of different polarity to obtain the crude extracts. The isolated compounds were characterized using spectroscopic methods. The extracts and isolated compounds were subjected to cytotoxicity tests using human breast cancer (MCF-7), human cervical cancer (HeLa) and human colon cancer (HT-29) cells. The free radical scavenging activity test was conducted using the DPPH assay. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out by using the disc diffusion method.ResultsPhytochemical investigation on the kernel, stem bark and leaves of Mangifera pajang led to the isolation of methyl gallate (1), mixture of benzaldehyde (2) and benzyl alcohol (3), mangiferonic acid (4), 3β-hydroxy-cycloart-24-ene-26-oic acid (5), 3β,23-dihydroxy-cycloart-24-ene-26-oic acid (6), lupeol(7) lupenone(8), β-sitosterol(9), stigmasterol(10), trans-sobrerol(11) and quercitrin (12). Crude ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the kernel indicated strong cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 and HeLa cells with IC50 values of less than 10 μg/mL, while petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of the stem bark showed strong to moderate activity against MCF-7, HeLa and HT-29 cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 5 to 30 μg/mL. As for the antimicrobial assays, only the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the kernel displayed some inhibition against the microbes in the antibacterial assays. The kernel extracts showed highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of less than 10 μg/mL, while the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of leaves displayed only weak activity in the DPPH assays.ConclusionsPhytochemical investigations on various parts of Mangifera pajang have identified terpenoids and a flavonol derivative as major constituents. Bioassay studies have indicated that the crude extracts and isolated compounds have potential as naturally-derived anticancer and antimicrobial agents, besides possess high free radical scavenging activity.

Nutraceuticals: Curative Integrative Cancer Treatment

“…Betulinic acid increases the CD4+:CD8+ ratio in a dose dependent manner. Betulinic acid dosed at 200 mg/kg decreased B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein and cell proliferation marker (Ki-67) protein expression and increased caspase-8 protein expression more than did 25 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, p<0.05 [72].…”

“…Crude petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of M. pajang stem bark have strong activity at 15 μg/ml [72]. A component flavonol glycoside, quercitrin had very strong cytotoxic activity against HT-29 at IC50 of 3.82 ± 0.91 μg/ml [72].…”

“…Crude ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of M. pajang kernel, and crude petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of the stem bark have strong cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells at IC50 of 10 μg/ml and 15 μg/ml, respectively [72]. The cycloartane triterpene component, 3β-hydroxy-cycloart-24-ene-26-oic acid had moderate cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 at IC50 13.03 ± 0.81 μg/ml [72].…”

“…Crude ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Mangifera pajang (bambangan, a noncommercial mango) kernel, have strong to moderate cytotoxic activity against the HT-29 colon cancer cell line at IC50 of 10 μg/ml [72]. Crude petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of M. pajang stem bark have strong activity at 15 μg/ml [72]. A component flavonol glycoside, quercitrin had very strong cytotoxic activity against HT-29 at IC50 of 3.82 ± 0.91 μg/ml [72].…”

Cytotoxic effect ofErythroxylum daphnitesextract is associated with G1cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…49,50 Additionally, lupenone exhibited weak cytotoxicity against human colorectal cancer (HT-29) and mammary breast cancer (MDA-MB) cell lines. 46,47 b-sitosterol is one of the most common phytosterols in higher plants and presents several pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor activities. [51][52][53][54] This compound showed antiproliferative effects in MCF-7 cells, mediated by caspase-induced apoptosis.…”