Phytochemical Investigation of Leaves and Seeds of Corchorus Olitorius L. Cultivated in Iraq

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate chemical constituents of leaves and seeds of Corchorus olitorius since no phytochemical investigation had been done previously in Iraq.Methods: Leaves and seeds of C. olitorius were defatted by maceration in hexane for 24 h. The defatted plant materials were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus, the aqueous methanol 85% as a solvent extraction for 24 h, and fractionated by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol. The ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and n-butanol after hydrolysis fractions for each part (leaves and seeds) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) for its phenolic acid and flavonoid contents. The petroleum ether fraction from the leaves was analyzed using Gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Flavonoids and phenolic acid derivative were isolated from the ethyl acetate of leaf fraction and n-butanol after hydrolysis fraction of the seeds and identified by mass spectrometry, infrared, HPLC, and HPTLC.Results: The different chromatographic and spectroscopic results revealed the presence of luteolin, quercetin, astragalin, isoquercetin, catechins, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) in both leaves and seeds of C. olitorius and also 17-octadecynoic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid (oleic acid), hexadecenoic acid (palmitic acid), 9,12-octadecanoic acid (linoleic acid), octadecadien-1-ol (β-sitosterol), and α-tocopherol (Vitamin E) in the petroleum ether fraction of C. olitorius leaves.Conclusion: The results of the current study proved the presence of 3,5-DCQA, astragalin, and isoquercetin in the ethyl acetate fraction of C. olitorius leaves and catechin in the n-butanol after hydrolysis fraction of C. olitorius seeds.

The Protective Effects of Echinops Heterophyllus Aqueous Extract Against Methotrexate-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rabbits

“…The flavonoids possess 15 carbon skeleton (benzopyran) C6-C3-C5 backbone structure, and it is composed of two benzene rings, called ring A and ring B bridged by heterocyclic ring called ring C [26].…”

The Protective Effects of Echinops Heterophyllus Aqueous Extract Against Methotrexate-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rabbits

“…The treatment of MTX-intoxicated rabbits with flavonoid fraction of E. heterophyllus showed significant hepatoprotective effect through significant decreased level of serum liver enzyme ALT; furthermore, there was an increase in the concentration of STP and albumin in comparison with the negative control indicating prevention of hepatotoxicity and restored synthetic function of the liver and reduced albumine loss through the kidney due to MTX-induced nephrotoxicity [15]. The flavonoids possess 15 carbon skeleton (benzopyran) C6-C3-C5 backbone structure, and it is composed of two benzene rings, called ring A and ring B bridged by heterocyclic ring called ring C [26].…”

A Comprehensive Review of C. capsularis and C. olitorius: A Source of Nutrition, Essential Phytoconstituents and Pharmacological Activities

“…In another research, it was reported that the total fatty acids of C. capsularis were found to be 0.02 and 0.03% (DW) in the seeds and the vegetative parts, respectively, whereas palmitic acid was represented the most abundantly in the seeds (81.68%) and the vegetative part (54.10%) [ 75 ]. In addition, both the seeds and vegetative parts contained 87.70 and 79.62% saturated fatty acids, and 12.30 and 22.38% unsaturated fatty acids.…”

“…In addition to antimicrobial activity, antiviral properties of C. olitorius extracts have been investigated. The aqueous layer of C. olitorius leaves against the measles virus was reported by a group of researchers [ 75 ].…”

“…Sterols are a subclass of steroids with the formula C₁₇H₂₈O that contain a hydroxyl group at the 3-position of A-ring. Hasan and Kadhim (2018) found total sterol content was 1.8, 1.6, 1.4, and 0.6% (DW) in the seeds, leaves, stems, and root petroleum ether extract of C. olitorius and 0.05 and 0.12 (DW) in the seeds and vegetative parts of C. capsularis, respectively [75], which was higher than earlier research [79]. In a recent study, β-sitosterol, a novel antileishmanial agent, was isolated and fully characterized based on spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, H NMR, C NMR, and GC-MS) from the chloroform extract of C. capsularis [80].…”