Phytochemical evaluation and antibacterial effects of Medicago sativa, Onosma sericeum, Parietaria judaica L., Phlomis persica and Echinophora platyloba DC. on Enterococcus faecalis

Abstract

Background: Since drug resistance has become one of the predominant problems of health worldwide, it is necessary to use new methods to combat drug-resistant bacteria. In this regard, medicinal plants are considered one of the richest sources to produce antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects as well as total phenolic and flavonoid contents of a number of medicinal plants collected from the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces of India, in order to investigate their potential use for the production of new antibiotics.
 Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the maceration method was used to prepare hydroalcoholic extract of Medicago sativa, Onosma sericeum, Parietaria judaica L., Phlomis persica and Echinophora platyloba DC. The effect of these plants on Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) was investigated. To determine the antibacterial effect of the extracts, broth microdilution in sterile 96-well plate was used according to the McFarland standard (105 CFU/ml). The total phenolic content was assayed by using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalent. The total flavonoid content was assayed by aluminum chloride colorimetric method and expressed in terms of rutin equivalent.
 Results: Based on the results of this study, the 512, 256, 128, 32 and 32 µg/ml doses were determined to be the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and the 1024, 1024, 512, 128 and 128 μg/ml doses were derived as the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) of M. sativa, O. Sericeum, P. judaica, P. persica and E. platyloba, respectively. E. faecalis and P. judaica contained the highest total phenolic content and flavonoid content, respectively.
 Conclusion: Given the comparatively higher antibacterial effect of P. persica and E. platyloba, as well as the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in these plants, it is recommended that these plants be further investigated in feasibility studies for the production of new antibiotics.

Evaluation of the phenolic contents and antibacterial activity of different concentrations of Onosma chlorotricum Boiss.

“…Thus far, only few studies have described the phyto-chemical analysis of plants belonging to the genus Onosma . Species of this genus contain secondary metabolites such as naphthoquinone (Vukic et al, 2017 ), phenolic andflavonoid compounds (Gharib et al, 2016 ; Ozer et al, 2017; Khaledi et al, 2018 ), and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Damianakos et al, 2013 ; El-shazly et al, 2014 ), which exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (Li et al, 2010 ; Kumar et al, 2020 ). Phytochemical investigation of the genus Onosma led to the discovery of a series of shikonin and alkannin derivatives (Kretschmer et al, 2012 ) as compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity (Vukic et al, 2017 ).…”

“…The flavonoid content was higher in the methanol and n-hexane extracts (23.20 ± 0.41 and 19.3 ± 0.6 mg GA/g, respectively) than in the aqueous extract (17.16 ± 0.16 mg GA/g). Khaledi et al ( 2018 ) reported that the ethanol extract of O. sericeum had the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 54.52 mg GAE/100 g DW and 13.81 mg RU/100 g DW, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the antibacterial activity test results obtained in the present study for O. chlorotricum extracts were correlated with their total phenolic and flavonoid contents.…”

“…Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Onosma led to the discovery of a series of shikonin and alkannin derivatives (Kretschmer et al, 2012 ) as compounds with a wide spectrum of biological properties such as wound healing (Madanid and Shokoohiniac, 2017 ), anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant (Kumar et al, 2017 ), anti tumor (Hasenoehrl et al, 2017 ), antiviral (Chen et al, 2003 ), and antibacterial and antifungal properties (Ahmad et al, 2009 ; Zarghami Moghaddam et al, 2012 ). The aerial parts of the Onosma plant contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Damianakos et al, 2013 ; El-shazly et al, 2014 ) and phenolic compounds (Gharib et al, 2016 ; Ozer et al, 2017; Khaledi et al, 2018 ). Additionally, species of this genus contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, naphthoquinones, polyphenols, phytosterols, and fatty acids, which exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities (Kumar et al, 2020 ).…”

Review of medicinal plant associated with antihyper-lipidermia

“…Medicago sativa, also known as alfalfa, which belongs to family Fabaceae. the plant Medicago sativa have nematocidal, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity [12].The methanolic extract, chloroform, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and butanol fractions of sprouts of M. sativa, demonstrate a prominent treatment-duration related reduce in the TG, TC, LDL and VLDL levels compared to the untreated diabetic rats in a level alike to those of reference hypolipidemic drug rosuvastatin. The findings revealed that the methanolic extract of M. sativa showed antihyperlipidemic and improved antihyperglycemic activity in STZ diabetic hyperlipidemic rats [13].…”

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Effects Extracts From Elaeagnus Angustifolia,satureja Montana, Quercus Brantii, Tragopogon Dubius, Sonchus Asper, on the P.aeruginosa and S.aureus

“…This global threat is increasing and our ability to treat nosocomial or community-acquired infections is declining. Excessive increase in antibiotic use can cause infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms Therefore, to solve this challenge, identi cation and study of antimicrobial compounds in medicinal plant extracts as a new source of medicine and an alternative method can be effective [2][3][4]. The experience of the last few decades has shown that chemical drugs, with all their effectiveness, have many side effects and there is less pure substance that does not have adverse effects.…”