Phytochemical and biological investigations on twoNepetaspecies:Nepeta heliotropifoliaandN. congestasubsp.cryptantha

Abstract

In the present study, the essential oil and aroma compositions of Nepeta heliotropifolia (NH) and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha (NC) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID), and their phenolic compounds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase activities of essential oils obtained from NH and NC aerial parts and ethanol extracts prepared from different parts of NH and NC were investigated. The major constituent of water-distilled essential oils was found to be germacrene D (36.7% and 38.5%, respectively), and their main aroma component was eucalyptol (48.0% and 24.7%, respectively). Among the studied parts of NH and NC, their flowers extracts were found to be the richest in phenolic compounds and in which the most abundant compound was rosmarinic acid (8,909.91 and 4,317.20 μg/g, respectively). NH and NC flower extracts exhibited also strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays. Among the tested samples, NH essential oil indicated the best cytotoxic effect against PDF, HT-29, and MCF-7 (IC 50 52.34, 25.89, and 44.70 μg/ml, respectively), and the highest butyrylcholinesterase (77.21 ± 1.12% inhibition) and moderate acetylcholinesterase (41.36 ± 0.69% inhibition) inhibitory activities. Practical applicationsThis is the first report on the essential oil and aroma compositions, the phenolic compounds, the antioxidant with total phenolic and flavonoid contents, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase activities of Nepeta heliotropifolia and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha, except for their essential oil compositions. The reported results suggested that Nepeta heliotropifolia and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha flowers being rich in rosmarinic acid and having strong antioxidant potential, and NH essential oil possessing significant cytotoxic and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect could be source for nutraceutical, food, and drug industries. K E Y W O R D Saroma, biological activities, essential oil, LC-MS/MS, Nepeta, phenolic compound 2 of 12 | AKDENIZ Et Al.

Nepeta humilis Bentham: First evaluation of phenolic profile and radical scavenging potential

“…Results revealed that the flower extracts were found to contain higher amount of phenolic compounds and the major compound was indicated as rosmarinic acid (8,909.91 and 4,317.20 mu g/g for NHE and NCC, respectively). Similar to our results, flower extracts of the Nepeta species exhibited strong antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays [4]. To the HPLC/MS/MS analysis results; rutin, ferulic acid, and chrysophanol were the significant compounds in N. fissa extracts [10].…”

“…Nepeta species are widely used in traditional medicine for their expectorant, diuretic, antispasmodic and antiasthmatic activities, so that the local people mostly benefit from the Nepeta species as spasmolytic, diuretic and bronchodilator agents. Terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, iridoids and essential oil have been reported, and especially terpenoids and flavonoids are the dominant constituents within the genus Nepeta [1,[3][4][5].…”

Essential Oil, Aroma, and Fatty Acid Profiles of Five Endemic Salvia Taxa from Turkey with Chemometric Analysis

“…Essential oils were obtained using a Clevenger apparatus from the dried aerial parts of the mentioned Salvia taxa (100 g) which were crumbled into small pieces in distilled water (500 mL) for 3 h. The obtained essential oils were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 and stored at + 4 °C before analyses, and then the essential oil samples were diluted with hexane (1 : 3 v/v) prior to GC/MS and GC/FID analyses. [30] The dried aerial parts of S. cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa, S. cerino-pruinosa var.…”

“…Components of essential oils (from shadow-dried aerial parts of the species) obtained by hydrodistillation method using Clevenger apparatus were determined by GC-FID. [30] HP-5MS UI capillary column (30 m-0.25 mm and 0.25 μm film thickness) was used. The injector temperature was adjusted at 250 °C.…”

Nepeta italica L. subsp. cadmea (Boiss.) A. L. Budantsev Oil Has a Pro-Apoptotic Effect on Saos-2 Cell Line

“…Nepeta are used diuretic, anti-spasmodic, antiasthmatic (Goldansaz et al, 2019;Kaska et al, 2019), expectorant, cough suppressant (Sharma et al, 2021), sedative, antiseptic (Sarikurkcu et al, 2019), antipyretic, antiallergy (Ashrafi et al, 2020) and as a muscle relaxant (Akdeniz et al, 2020). Besides, it also has many biological activities such as antioxidant (Azizian et al, 2021), antibacterial, antiinflammatory (Kaska et al, 2019;Sitarek et al, 2020), anticancer, antiparasitic (Ashrafi et al, 2020), antiplatelet, antiangiogenesis (Al-Sheddi et al, 2018), antimicrobial, antiviral (Sharma and Cannoo, 2013;Afshar et al, 2017), antifungal, insecticide (Süntar et al, 2018;Sharma et al, 2021), cytotoxic, phytotoxic (Formisano et al, 2011), genotoxic, apoptotic (Süntar et al, 2018), antitumor, larvicide, analgesic, antidepressant and anticonvulsant (Süntar et al, 2018;Akdeniz et al, 2020).…”