Phytochemical and Antibacterial Investigations of the Extracts and Fractions from the Stem Bark ofHymenaea stigonocarpaMart. ex Hayne and Effect on Ultrastructure ofStaphylococcus aureusInduced by Hydroalcoholic Extract

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different extracts and fractions obtained from Hymenaea stigonocarpa stem barks. The cyclohexanic, ethyl acetate, ethanol, aqueous, and hydroalcoholic extracts were obtained by maceration. The hydroalcoholic extract was partitioned, which resulted in the ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. All extracts and fractions were subjected to phytochemical screening and evaluation of total phenol and tannin contents. An HPLC-DAD and ultrastructural alterations analysis were performed. Terpenes and coumarins were detected in the cyclohexanic extract. Flavonoids and condensed tannins were present in the other extracts and fractions. The extracts with the highest contents of tannins, ethanol (EE), hydroalcoholic (HE), and aqueous fraction (AF) showed also the highest antimicrobial activity. The MIC values ranged from 64 to 526 µg/mL. The chromatographic fingerprints suggest the presence of astilbin and other flavonoids in EE and HE. Presence of the thick cell wall, undulating outer layer, abnormal septa, and leakage of the cytoplasmic contents and absence of cell wall and cell lyses were the main alterations observed on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 after treatment with the Hymenaea stigonocarpa hydroalcoholic extract. The presence of phenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins is possibly the reason for the antimicrobial activity.

Antimitotic and antimutagenic action of the Hymenaea stigonocarpa bark on dividing cells

“…Furthermore, Snijman et al (2007) report that, besides the potential to alter the cell membrane permeability due to their astringent action, terpenes, mainly diterpenes, acting together with flavonoids, promote antimutagenic effect on cells treated with mutagenic compounds. However, despite Dimech et al (2013) and Orsi et al (2012) reporting the presence of these two chemicals in the alcoholic extract of the the bark of this plant, their mode of action can not yet be infered since their chemical constituents were not fractionated, measured and classified in a specific way. As initially mentioned, few studies have been conducted on the antimutagenic and cytotoxic potential of some species of the genus Hymenaea, however, unlike jatobá-do-cerrado, there already are isolated chemical compounds from these species that promote these activities.…”

“…Thus, under these study conditions, an antimutagenic effect of the concentrations 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL of jatobá-do-cerrado hydroalcoholic extract, versus paracetamol at 0.008 mg/mL, may be suggested. Dimech et al (2013) and Orsi et al (2012), by means of classic and gas chromatography, found that the hydroalcoholic extract of the the bark of H. stigonocarpa Table 2. Number of undifferentiated cells and those in interphase, number of cells under division, and mitotic index values obtained for the A. cepa root cells of the treatment groups Positive Control, Negative Control and Jatoba Control at concentrations of 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL, and Simultaneous Treatment at concentrations of 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL of Hymenaea stigonocarpa alcoholic extract, evaluated at an exposure time of 48 h. consists of flavonoids, especially the isoprenoids; palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid and diterpenes.…”

“…The infusion of the the bark or outer surface of the suber of this leguminous plant is widely used in folk medicine in the states of these regions for the reduction of cholesterol levels and blood glucose (Souza and Felfili, 2006), stomach pain, cramps, bronchitis and asthma relief (Orsi et al, 2012), as an anthelmintic in the treatment of depression (Valente et al, 2014) and curing urinary tract infections (Dimech et al, 2013). There are large amounts of diterpene acids, anthraquinones, minerals, tannins, pectin, flavonoids, xyloglucans and oligosaccharides in the phytochemical composition of the suber (Cartaxo et al, 2010).…”

Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato etanólico bruto da folha da Hymenaea martiana Hayne frente às Staphylococcus spp. e avaliação de seu potencial como desinfetante em cabras

“…Dimech et al (2013) Mishra & Tiwari (2011), apresentam destaque como produto terapêutico, além disso estes autores afirmam que as áreas de doenças infecciosas e oncologia se beneficiaram dessas numerosas classes de drogas, capazes de interagir com muitas áreas dentro das células, e de fato têm sido fundamentais na descoberta e desenvolvimento de medicamentos. Assim como, relataram a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos brutos que possuem flavonoides em sua composição, frente a estirpes de S. aureus (Chattopadhyay et al 2001, Cushnie & Lamb 2011.…”

“…Peixoto et al (2015) demonstraram seu potencial antimicrobiano in vitro e in vivo. Outras plantas do gênero Hymenaea possuem capacidade bactericida citada por vários autores (Sá et al 2011, Dimech et al 2013, Aleixo et al 2015. Diante disto, o seguinte estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a nível fitoquímico a composição do extrato etanólico bruto (EEB) da folha da Hymenaea martiana, determinar a atividade antimicrobiana deste produto frente a isolados de Staphylococcus spp.…”