Phytochemical Analysis and In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils of Selected Plants against Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum of Poultry Origin

Abstract

Antibiotic resistant Salmonella is a major threat to poultry industry and public health. Medicinal plants are an effective alternative of antibiotics for the control and treatment of multiple drug resistant Salmonella. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro activity of essential oils of some medicinal plants against multiple drug resistant Salmonella of poultry origin and to determine their active ingredients. Essential oils of Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Eucalyptus globulus, Allium sativum and Nigella sativa were prepared by steam distillation and their active ingredients were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Activity of oils against Salmonella enteritidis (n=05) and Salmonella gallinarum (n=05) was determined by well diffusion assay. Broth microdilution assay was employed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of oils. Well diffusion assay revealed that C. zeylanicum and E. globulus had better activity against salmonellae (26±7.6 mm and 16±6.8 mm, respectively) as compared to C. cyminum, A. sativum and N. sativa (8±5.9, 10±6.1, 8±4.7 mm, respectively). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of C. zeylanicum and E. globulus against Salmonella were 64.1±32.1 and 68.9±32.9 µg/mL, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed presence of diverse phytochemicals in all essential oils. Major antimicrobial phyto-constituents of essential oils of E. globulus and C. zeylanicum were eucalyptol (82.85%) and 1R-α-Pinene (13.781%), and cinnamaldehyde (64.14%) and eugenol (8.9%), respectively. It is concluded that essential oils of C. zeylanicum and E. globulus have excellent in vitro anti-Salmonella activity. It is insinuated that these extracts may be commercialized as an alternative of antibiotics for the control of Salmonellae in poultry after detailed in vivo evaluations.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis on performance, immune system and gut in Salmonella-challenged broilers

“…This prohibition led to a decline in animal performance from bacterial stress and reduced growth. Consequently, probiotics (Yang et al, 2018), organic acids (Arbab et al, 2017), enzymes (Dersjant-Li et al, 2016), and medicinal plants (Yasmin et al, 2019) are regarded as replacements for antibiotics to enhance the production of poultry.…”

Portrayal of Punica granatum L. peel extract through High Performance Liquid Chromatography and antimicrobial activity evaluation

“…The pump used in this system was LC-10AT. The diluted extracted solution is injected into the HPLC system in a specific volume of 10 µm (Yasmin et al, 2020).…”

Nigella sativa L. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities: A Review (2019–2021)

“…The nanoparticles formed by green synthesis from the silver nitrate, plus the NS aqueous extract gave an antibacterial activity with different inhibition diameters 13 mm for S. aureus and 6 mm for the E. coli at a concentration of 20 mg/mL [ 50 ]. On the other hand, the tested NS EO was found to be inactive on multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from poultry like the Salmonella gallinarium and Salmonella enteriditis [ 52 ]. In the same way, the black cumin EO and the different compounds such as thymol, TQ, carvacrol, and β-cymene were found to be very effective on Chlamydia trachomatis one of the principal causes of sexually transmitted diseases [ 53 ].…”