Physiology of the temperature of birds

Baldwin, Samuel Prentiss; Kendeigh, S. Charles

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.60416

Cited by 61 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The rhythm of brain temperature in the chicken thus resembles, in its general pattern, the rhythm of deep body temperature in other day-active bird species, especially with regard to the 'plateau' during daytime. Examples for this have been given for six species of passerine birds (Baldwin & Kendeigh, 1932), for the towhees Pipilo fu8cus and P. aberti (Dawson, 1954), and for the house sparrow Passer dome8ticu8 (Binkley et al 1971). Most of these data also indicate that the increase of body temperature precedes light-on by several hours, as already observed in chickens by Simpson (1911) and Hilden & Stenback (1916).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms of chicken brain temperatures

Aschoff¹,

Aschoff²,

Paul³

1973

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Brain temperature was recorded continuously for up to 18 days in unanaesthetized adult male chickens. With the use of a guide box of plexiglas screwed into a trephine of the calvarium, several thermocouples could be inserted at various depths into the brain at the same time.2. While brain temperatures were being recorded, each chicken was placed in a small circular arena and kept either in a light-dark cycle (LD 12:12 hr) or in conditions of constant dim illumination (LL) within a soundproof chamber.3. Under LD-conditions, the range of oscillation (the difference between maximum and minimum within one period) in brain temperature at any one site was about 1.50 C. During the 12 hr of light the temperature often reached a plateau for several hours. During darkness, a minimum of temperature was usually reached shortly after light-off. Brain temperature started to rise several hours before light-on.4. All eleven chickens tested under LL-conditions showed free running circadian rhythms of brain temperature, with mean periods varying between 22-75 and 25-00 hr (overall mean: 23-69 hr). The range of oscillation in LL-conditions was smaller than in LD-conditions, but was seldom less than 1.00 C.5. In LD as well as in LL, continuous fluctuations of temperature with a much higher frequency were superimposed on the circadian cycle. The fluctuations occurred synchronously at all sites of the brain and were of the same order of magnitude (frequency and range) during wakefulness as during sleep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms of chicken brain temperatures

Aschoff¹,

Aschoff²,

Paul³

1973

The Journal of Physiology

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“…In a few species, it is known that prolonged cold exposure on the scale of hours to days reduces metabolic rate and rate of development (Tazawa et al 1989), reduces hatching success * Corresponding author; e-mail: cro@iastate.edu. (Baldwin and Kendeigh 1932;Williams and Ricklefs 1984;Feast et al 1998;Reid et al 1999), extends incubation periods (Sealy 1984;Lyon and Montgomerie 1985), and may negatively influence posthatch growth (Sockman and Schwabl 1998). Yet eggs of many species experience frequent thermal fluctuations, particularly in small passerines with uniparental incubation in which the incubating female regularly leaves the nest to forage and T e begins to approach ambient temperature (Zerba and Morton 1983;Davis et al 1984;Morton and Pereyra 1985;Haftorn 1988;Weathers and Sullivan 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodic Cooling of Bird Eggs Reduces Embryonic Growth Efficiency

Olson

Vleck

2006

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

171

161

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For many bird embryos, periodic cooling occurs when the incubating adult leaves the nest to forage, but the effects of periodic cooling on embryo growth, yolk use, and metabolism are poorly known. To address this question, we conducted incubation experiments on eggs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that were frequently cooled and then rewarmed or were allowed to develop at a constant temperature. After 12 d of incubation, embryo mass and yolk reserves were less in eggs that experienced periodic cooling than in controls incubated constantly at 37.5C. Embryos that regularly cooled to 20C had higher mass-specific metabolic rates than embryos incubated constantly at 37.5C. Periodic cooling delayed development and increased metabolic costs, reducing the efficiency with which egg nutrients were converted into embryo tissue. Avian embryos can tolerate periodic cooling, possibly by adjusting their physiology to variable thermal conditions, but at a cost to growth efficiency as well as rate of development. This reduction in embryo growth efficiency adds a new dimension to the fitness consequences of variation in adult nest attentiveness. Disciplines Ornithology | Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology | Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology | Zoology CommentsThis article is from Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79 (2006) ABSTRACTFor many bird embryos, periodic cooling occurs when the incubating adult leaves the nest to forage, but the effects of periodic cooling on embryo growth, yolk use, and metabolism are poorly known. To address this question, we conducted incubation experiments on eggs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) that were frequently cooled and then rewarmed or were allowed to develop at a constant temperature. After 12 d of incubation, embryo mass and yolk reserves were less in eggs that experienced periodic cooling than in controls incubated constantly at 37.5ЊC. Embryos that regularly cooled to 20ЊC had higher mass-specific metabolic rates than embryos incubated constantly at 37.5ЊC. Periodic cooling delayed development and increased metabolic costs, reducing the efficiency with which egg nutrients were converted into embryo tissue. Avian embryos can tolerate periodic cooling, possibly by adjusting their physiology to variable thermal conditions, but at a cost to growth efficiency as well as rate of development. This reduction in embryo growth efficiency adds a new dimension to the fitness consequences of variation in adult nest attentiveness.

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“…Differences between ambient and incubation temperatures were noted by Aristotle, but such qualitative knowledge is certainly much more ancient. It has long been known that, with some generalization, natural incubation involves a negative temperature gradient from the interface of egg surface and body surface through the egg to the egg-nest interface (for compilations, see Baldwin andKendeigh 1932, Drent 1970). This in a sense is a quasi-steady-state system in which there is usually a flow of heat from the incubating adult through the egg and nest into the environment, although the reverse may occur when eggs or nest rest on a very warm substrate.…”

Section: Exchange Of Respiratory Gases In Incubationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the early 20th century investigations on gas metabolism, energy balance, some basic intermediary metabolism, and other aspects of the physiology of the avian embryo had already been accomplished (e.g., Bohr and Hasselbach 1899, 1901, Tangl 1902, Tangl and von Mituch 1908; see also Groebbels 1927, 1937, Needham 1931. Thermal relationships among the incubating birds, eggs, nest and ambient temperature were studied by Baldwin and Kendeigh (1932). Despite this almost ridiculously superficial and partial review, it is abundantly clear that there had been significant progress in avian physiology prior to the 20th century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Systematic collection of data on body temperature began early in the 19th century (e.g., Edwards 1839). Diurnal cycles in body temperature were recorded early in the 20th century (e.g., Simpson and Galbraith 1905, Hilden and Stenback 1916, Baldwin and Kendeigh 1932, Groebbels 1932. By midway in the 19th century it was known that metabolic rate of birds is affected by environmental temperature (Lettelier 1845).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Some Recent Advances in Avian Physiology

Farner

1983

Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology

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With primary attention to feral species, some important, recent trends in avian physiology have been selected and briefly described. Included are investigations of the exchanges of gases between embryo and external environment during incubation; structure and function of the lung-airsac system; avian energetics; control and energetic cost of molt; osmoregulation, ionoregulation and nitrogen excretion, including roles of kidney, lower gut, salt glands, and renin-angiotensin system; endocrinology; and orientation and navigation. Among these trends there has been an increase in the spectrum of species investigated, greater effort to make measurements under natural conditions and successes with experiments on feral species in the field. Physiological investigations have been facilitated by the great fund of information on the natural history and zoogeography of birds.

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Physiology of the temperature of birds

Cited by 61 publications

References 23 publications

Circadian rhythms of chicken brain temperatures

Circadian rhythms of chicken brain temperatures

Periodic Cooling of Bird Eggs Reduces Embryonic Growth Efficiency

Some Recent Advances in Avian Physiology

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