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Standard metabolism is the energy requirement, usually measured over short periods, of an individual at complete rest and in a postabsorptive state and is of considerable importance to physiologists. Of greater ecological interest, however, is the energy requirement of normal activities under free-living conditions. This may be approximated (within about 13 per cent in the Blue-winged Teal, Arm-~ discors; Owen 1968) by measuring the rate of food utilization over long periods of time of individuals confined in cages. thermal neutrality is demonstrated in existence metabolism for any species, as there frequently is with standard metabolism, although curvilinear regressions often slope more gradually at the higher ambient temperatures.

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