Physiological Significance of Lysophospholipids that Act on the Lumen Side of Mammalian Lower Digestive Tracts

Abstract

The lysophospholipid mediator family is attracting increased attention for its role in the maintenance of human health and the prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases. This review focuses on recent findings about lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its potential precursor phospholipids present in the apical lumen of mammalian lower digestive tracts. In particular, information on the protective effect of LPA toward rat gastric mucosa allowed us to better understand the mechanisms of the gastric ulcer-protective effect of a Chinese medicine and the beneficial effects of intake of vegetables and/or soybean lecithin in foods. These findings may indicate that LPArich foodstuffs promote human health by regulating the integral and functional homeostasis of the gastrointestinal mucosa, although the safety of LPA supplementation should be intensively investigated further.

Alterations in rat pulmonary phosphatidylcholines after chronic exposure to ambient fine particulate matter

“…38 Furthermore, lyso-PCs can reduce proinflammatory cytokines in relation to TNF-a, and the decrease in lyso-PCs might indicate a low potential for preventing inflammation. Changes in pulmonary lyso-PCs may also indicate perturbations in cell function and cell signalling, 40 imposing additional stresses on the lung. In addition, we confirmed the increase in inflammatory cells in the exposed group according to pulmonary histopathology (Fig.…”

Mechanism of Phospholipid Hydrolysis for Oyster Crassostrea plicatula Phospholipids During Storage Using Shotgun Lipidomics

“…Lipases, a broad family of enzymes, also catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in all substrates, such as triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and PL [14]. Meanwhile, there are increasing evidences that lysophospholipids (Lyso-PL) have many important biological activities [15,16]. Meanwhile, there are increasing evidences that lysophospholipids (Lyso-PL) have many important biological activities [15,16].…”

“…Changes of these hydrolytic enzyme activities during storage may be good indicators of the degradation of PL. Meanwhile, there are increasing evidences that lysophospholipids (Lyso-PL) have many important biological activities [15,16]. The lipid fraction of the sea cucumber Holothuria atra containing platelet activating factor and Lyso-PtdCho was described to have antioxidant activity and inhibited H 2 O 2 -induced apoptosis in the macrophage cell line J774A.1 [17].…”

Addition of high load of lysophosphatidic acid to standard and high‐fat chows causes no significant changes of its circulating and peripheral tissue levels but affects body weight and visceral fat mass of mice

“…Energy homeostasis comprises complex processes affected by both central and peripheral signal‐transduction pathways. A large proportion of dietary phospholipids are decomposed to their corresponding lysophospholipids, which are able to interact with other lipid components in mammalian digestive tracts . For example, phosphatidylcholines inhibit intestinal absorption of micellar forms of cholesterol and fatty acids in the rat jejunum sac in vitro , whereas lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), its major metabolite in the sac, enhanced the absorption of fatty acids but not cholesterol .…”

“…For example, phosphatidylcholines inhibit intestinal absorption of micellar forms of cholesterol and fatty acids in the rat jejunum sac in vitro , whereas lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), its major metabolite in the sac, enhanced the absorption of fatty acids but not cholesterol . In mammalian digestive tracts, food‐derived lysophospholipids were found to exert physiological actions other than those on digestive uptake of neutral lipids in the digestion system before its absorption . Some proportions of dietary lysophospholipids may be taken intact into the intestinal cells, and these very small proportions are subsequently transported by the lymph or blood without hydrolytic degradation or condensation with the appropriate fatty acyl‐coenzyme A, exerting beneficial or adverse effects on organs other than the intestines.…”