Physiological response to “pressure-demand” respirator wear

Raven, Peter B.; Bradley, O.D.; Rohm-Young, Debbie; McCLure, F L; Skaggs, Barbara

doi:10.1080/15298668291410567

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The net effect of these changes is a small reduction in V E that reduces endurance exercise capacity (6,32) and limits maximal exercise performance (22). Although increased fluctuations in thoracic pressure have also been reported, the additional work of breathing attributed to ventilators is small and has not been shown to influence HRs during submaximal exercise (21). In contrast, respirators are known to reduce the visual field and contribute to generalized stress and discomfort during work performance (32), similar to what was shown during exercise in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“Functional” Respiratory Muscle Training During Endurance Exercise Causes Modest Hypoxemia but Overall is Well Tolerated

Granados

Gillum

Castillo

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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A novel commercial training mask purportedly allows for combined respiratory muscle training and altitude exposure during exercise. We examined the mask's ability to deliver on this claim. Ten men completed three bouts of treadmill exercise at a matched workload (60%VO2peak) in a controlled laboratory environment. During exercise, the mask was worn in 2 manufacturer-defined settings (9,000 ft [9K] and 15,000 ft [15K]) and a Sham configuration (∼3,500 ft). Ventilation (V(E)), tidal volume (V(T)), respiratory rate (R(R)), expired oxygen (F(E)O2) and carbon dioxide (F(E)CO2), peripheral oxygen saturation (S(P)O2), heart rate, and RPE were measured each minute during exercise, and subjects completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) immediately after. The mask caused a reduction in V(E) of ∼20 L/min in both the 9K and 15K configurations (p < 0.001). This was due to a reduction in R(R) of ∼10 b·min, but not V(T), which was elevated by ∼250 ml (p < 0.001). F(E)O2 was reduced and F(E)CO2 was elevated above Sham in both 9K and 15K (p < 0.001). VO2 was not different across conditions (p = 0.210), but VCO2 trended lower at 9K (p = 0.093) and was reduced at 15K (p = 0.016). V(E)/VO2 was 18.3% lower than Sham at 9K and 19.2% lower at 15K. V(E)/VCO2 was 16.2% lower than Sham at 9K and 18.8% lower at 15K (all p < 0.001). Heart rate increased with exercise (p < 0.001) but was not different among conditions (p = 0.285). S(P)O2 averaged 94% in Sham, 91% at 9K, and 89% at 15K (p < 0.001). RPE and BAI were also higher in 9K and 15K (p < 0.010), but there was no difference among mask conditions. The training mask caused inadequate hyperventilation that led to arterial hypoxemia and psychological discomfort, but the magnitude of these responses were small and they did not vary across mask configurations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“Functional” Respiratory Muscle Training During Endurance Exercise Causes Modest Hypoxemia but Overall is Well Tolerated

Granados

Gillum

Castillo

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…With the pressure-demand type of apparatus, they found that stroke volume and cardiac output tended to increase. No significant changes in blood pressure have been observed during and after the use of the air-line apparatus (1,48,52).…”

Section: Air-line Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raven et a1 (48,52) found no differences in the physiological effects of the demand or the pressuredemand type of apparatus on normal and impaired subjects. However, with the latter type of equipment, half of the subjects were unable t o finish exercising at the heaviest level (80 % of maximal oxygen consumption) because the pressure swing inside the mask exceeded 2.4 kPa.…”

Section: Air-line Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological effects associated with the use of respiratory protective devices. A review.

Va¹

1984

Scand J Work Environ Health

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LOUHEVAARA VA. Physiological effects associated with the use of respiratory protective devices: A review. Scand J Work Environ Health 10 (1984) 275-281. Several types of filtering (air-purifying) devices, air-line (supplied-air) apparatus, and self-contained breathing apparatus are used at work. The most important parameters of the respiratory protective devices that affect physical work capacity are additional inspiratory and expiratory breathing resistance, dead space, and weight. The main physiological effects of the respirators are alterations in breathing pattern, hypoventilation, retention of carbon dioxide, and increase in the work of breathing. The undesirable effects are accentuated during heavy physical work, maximal physical work capacity thereby being reduced.Key terms: breathing pattern, gas exchange, heart rate.Attempts to prevent health hazards caused by exposure to contaminated atmospheres usually focus on the technical and organizational arrangements of the work involved. The use of respiratory protective devices, or respirators, is required when other preventive controls prove insufficient. Respirators are usually classified into the following three major categories according to their technical factors and efficiency: (i) filtering (air-purifying) devices, (ii) airline (supplied-air) apparatus, and (iii) self-contained breathing apparatus (50). The first type may be mounted with different dust and/or gas filters. The latter two are atmoshpere-supplying respirators. They can be either demand or pressure-demand (continuous safety pressure inside the face mask) in type. Respirators are generally used with a full-face or a half-face mask.Above all else respirators must be efficient. And their efficiency is highly dependent on the amount and manner of use.Research results have indicated that respirators are available and in use in only 20-30 % of the work phases evaluated as needing them (3, 63). Failure to use a respirator is influenced by psychological factors (44,45,46), by the additional burden on the respiratory organs, and by thermal stress (51).The most important parameters affecting physical work performance with a respirator include the additional inspiratory and/or expiratory breathing resistance involved, the external dead space of the equipment, and the weight of the apparatus. These parameters are presented for different types of respirators in table 1. The values are based on recent measurements with new equipment.In industry filtering devices and air-line apparatus are usually worn in light or moderately heavy tasks of a long duration (41). The use of a self-contained breathing apparatus is limited to short durations in rescue and repair tasks which often require maximal or near maximal physical effort (32,35,43, 65).More scientific information about respirators is needed for both their proper use and technical design. The aim of the present review is to highlight the effects of different factors associated with the use of respirators on breathing pattern, respiratory gas exchange, an...

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“…Average final PIF were also significantly greater while wearing the respirator (211.4 ± 7.5 L-min-) than without (190.9 ± 7.8 L.minl). Differences in PIF data between Raven et al (119) and Wilson et al (152) may be due to the substantially lower inhalation resistance of the supplied-air apparatus utilized by the latter researchers, which may have permitted greater PIF due to the initially lower efforts required to compensate for the respirator applied resistance. Regardless, it is important to note that the average values for PIF from both studies are comparable.…”

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 83%

Workplace Breathing Rates: Defining Anticipated Values and Ranges for Respirator Certification Testing

Caretti¹,

Gardner²,

Coyne³

2004

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204. Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information N it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2 SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACTTest methods currently used by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are designed to assure that respirators meet a minimum level of efficacy when tested under standard laboratory protocols. For air-purifying respirators (APRs), the primary performance tests most affected by airflow rate are filter gas-life capacity, particulate filter efficiency, and respirator breathing resistances. Presently, NIOSH measures all three parameters using constant-rate airflow conditions. An analysis of the measured and estimated minute volumes contained in the literature indicated a range from about 8 to 162 L'min' for unencumbered ventilation and work activities that spanned from mild to exhaustive. The mean minute volume of the distribution was 38.5 ± 16.6 L'min-1, and the median was 33.6 L-minin. Based on an empirical relationship between minute volume and peak inspiratory flow (PIF), peak flows between 72 L'min-' and 183 L'min-1 would be expected for the mean minute volume for 38.5 L'min'. The anticipated range of PIF rates for the 9 5 dh percentile minute volume is between 182 L-min-' and 295 L-min-'. The results of this literature review suggest an increase in cyclic flow rates used for respirator certification testing should be considered to better represent ventilation rates found in the workplace. Blank EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Test methods currently used by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are designed to assure that all respirators of a given type will meet a minimum level of efficacy when tested under standard laboratory protocols. The relevance and adequacy of airflow rates used in respirator certification testing has been a longstanding debate. The concern is that the current test flow rates substantially underestimate real world values, implying that filters certified under existing standards may not provide adequate protection. For qualifying airpurifying respirators (APRs), the primar...

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Physiological response to “pressure-demand” respirator wear

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

“Functional” Respiratory Muscle Training During Endurance Exercise Causes Modest Hypoxemia but Overall is Well Tolerated

“Functional” Respiratory Muscle Training During Endurance Exercise Causes Modest Hypoxemia but Overall is Well Tolerated

Physiological effects associated with the use of respiratory protective devices. A review.

Workplace Breathing Rates: Defining Anticipated Values and Ranges for Respirator Certification Testing

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