Physiological Response of Gray Wolves to Butorphanol–xylazine Immobilization and Antagonism by Naloxone and Yohimbine

Kreeger, Terry J.; Mandsager, Ronald E.; Seal, Ulysses S.; Callahan, Margaret K.; Beckel, Mark

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-25.1.89

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…34,35 Although extensive studies have not been performed in free-ranging canids, preliminary studies in captive gray wolves suggest that their blood pressure range is similar to that of dogs. 4,6 Little is known regarding the typical blood pressure range for captive or free-ranging red wolves; however, our results indicated that many of the wolves in this study, regardless of drug combination received, had blood pressure increases far above the established criteria for hypertension in dogs ( Table 2). Several wolves in all treatment groups had acute diastolic hypertension 30 minutes into the procedure (Fig 1).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…20 Gray wolves also had decreased respiratory rates when receiving butorphanol combined with xylazine. 6 Tidal volume was similar among wolves in all treatment groups. Values recorded were consistent with those measured in dogs under similar anesthetic conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] On the basis of 1 study in gray wolves, 4 the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has traditionally used a xylazine-ketamine combination for immobilizing captive and free-ranging red wolves; however, prolonged and complicated recoveries have been a common concern. Medetomidine, a potent and highly selective α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, has gained considerable popularity as an alternative to xylazine in anesthetic regimens in carnivores.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiorespiratory effects of four α2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves

Sladky¹,

Kelly²,

Loomis³

et al. 2000

javma

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The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations provide rapid reversible anesthesia for red wolves but cause severe sustained hypertension. Such an adverse effect puts animals at risk for development of cerebral encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and myocardial failure. Although the MBK combination offers some advantages over the others, it is advised that further protocol refinements be made to minimize risks associated with acute hypertension.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiorespiratory effects of four α2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves

Sladky¹,

Kelly²,

Loomis³

et al. 2000

javma

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“…Interestingly, we observed that XYL + BUT reduced tear production more than either agent alone. Because the combination of XYL and BUT provides better sedation and analgesia than either agent alone, 10 , 11 we speculate that reflex tear production was diminished as a result of more effective antinociception.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of intramuscular sedative and opioid combinations on tear production in dogs

Dodam

Branson

[]

1998

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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The effect of commonly used sedation protocols on tear production rate was evaluated in dogs. Schirmer I tear tests were examined before and after intramuscular injection of acepromazine and oxymorphone (ACE + OXY; n = 7), diazepam and butorphanol (DIA + BUT; n = 8), and xylazine and butorphanol (XYL + BUT; n = 8). Two Schirmer I tear tests were also performed 15-25 min apart in dogs which received no sedative drugs (control; n = 4). Tear production rate decreased to 15 +/- 2, 17 +/- 1, and 6 +/- 1 mm min-1, respectively, while control animals averaged 21 +/- 2 mm min-1 at the same time point. Because XYL + BUT profoundly decreased tear production rate, we evaluated the two drugs separately. While BUT mildly decreased tear production when given alone to dogs (18 +/- 1 mm min-1; n = 5), xylazine had no effect on tear production. Thus it appears that the two agents act synergistically to decrease tear production rate in dogs. Moreover, sterile ocular lubricant or tear replacement should be used during XYL + BUT sedation.

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“…Anesthetized wolves also have reduced thermoregulatory ability, at least in part because they cannot pant to cool themselves (Kreeger and Arnemo ) and potentially because of other drug‐induced changes. Some effects (potentially related to thermoregulation) of commonly used drugs to chemically immobilize wolves include convulsions, seizures, muscle rigidity, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypo and hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and hypersalivation (Gray et al ; Kreeger et al , , ; Plumb ; Kreeger and Arnemo ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How hot is too hot? Live-trapped gray wolf rectal temperatures and 1-year survival

Barber‐Meyer

Mech

2014

Wildl. Soc. Bull.

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The ability of physically restrained and anesthetized wolves to thermoregulate is lessened and could lead to reduced survival, yet no information is available about this subject. Therefore, we analyzed rectal temperatures related to survival 1 year post‐capture from 173 adult (non‐pup) gray wolves (Canis lupus) captured in modified foot‐hold traps for radiocollaring during June–August, 1988–2011, in the Superior National Forest of northeastern Minnesota, USA. The maximum observed rectal temperature (“maxtemp,” ° F, ° C) in each wolf during capture (truex¯ = 104.0, 40.0; SD = 2.0, 1.1; min. = 95.9, 35.5; max. = 108, 42.2) was not a significant predictor of survival to 1 year post‐capture. Although no weather or morphometric variable was a significant predictor of maxtemps, wolves initially anesthetized with ketamine–xylazine rather than telazol®–xylazine averaged higher maxtemps. This information does not fully address possible effects of high body temperatures related to live‐capture and handling of wolves, but it does provide a useful waypoint for future assessments of this relationship and a reassurance to wildlife practitioners that the maxtemps observed in our study did not appear to affect 1‐year survival. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

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Physiological Response of Gray Wolves to Butorphanol–xylazine Immobilization and Antagonism by Naloxone and Yohimbine

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Cardiorespiratory effects of four α2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves

Cardiorespiratory effects of four α2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves

Effects of intramuscular sedative and opioid combinations on tear production in dogs

How hot is too hot? Live-trapped gray wolf rectal temperatures and 1-year survival

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