Physiological Predictors of Long-Term Effects of Covid-19 in Patients With Sars-Cov-2: Focus on Lymphocyte Proliferation-Improving Micronutrients

Abstract

Patients with long-term effects of coronavirus disease, the so-called “long-term COVID-19 syndrome” (long-COVID-19) after SARS-CoV-2 infection, have a postponed recovery lasting from 4 weeks and up to six months, spread worldwide. Physiological predictors based on human blood biomarkers and host-virus responses to SARS-CoV-2 are still unknown. There is growing evidence about the impact of micronutrients on improving lymphocyte proliferation and their essential roles for a functioning human immune system and regulating metabolic health. This paper aims to review information about micronutrients in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection that determines long-COVID-19 outcomes and highlight the importance of diagnostics in predictors of long-COVID-19. We reviewed articles returned from searches on PubMed/SCOPUS/Web of Science/ EMBASE databases using a combination of terms “long COVID-19”, “long-term effects of COVID-19”, “post-COVID-19 symptoms”, “COVID-19 associated stress”, “micronutrients”. Evidence indicates the relationship between lymphocyte proliferation improving micronutrient level and long-COVID-19 induction. Zinc, selenium, iron, manganese have an immunomodulatory function in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection. Anti-inflammatory functions of Vits A and B groups include the regulation of lymphocyte proliferation and metabolic health. Further research using sampling and artificial intelligence-assisted algorithms could assist in the recognition of the correlation of micronutrients and long-COVID-19 clinical outcomes

Correlations of Long COVID Symptoms and Inflammatory Markers of Complete Blood Count (CBC): A cross-sectional study.

“…Several articles analyzed the association of inflammatory and complete blood count (CBC) markers with complications of long COVID-19. 3 , 4 , 10 , 14 – 24 Hs-CRP and ferritin were correlated with complications of long COVID-19 in patients infected with the Alpha variant. However, the Delta variant revealed a more significant correlation with Hs-CRP, red cell distribution width (RDW), and NLR.…”

“… 7 Muscle pain, fatigue, various mental disorders (including anxiety, depression, and memory disorder), hair loss, anosmia, and sleeping disorders are common complications of long COVID. 10 , 14 – 16 Moreover, other organs, including respiratory, cardiovascular, hematological, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems, may be affected by complications of Long COVID -19. 10 The potentially associated risk factors are old age, female sex, severe clinical status, multiple chronic conditions, and hospital admission.…”

“… 10 , 14 – 16 Moreover, other organs, including respiratory, cardiovascular, hematological, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems, may be affected by complications of Long COVID -19. 10 The potentially associated risk factors are old age, female sex, severe clinical status, multiple chronic conditions, and hospital admission. 6 …”

What is the role of brown adipose tissue in metabolic health: lessons learned and future perspectives in the long COVID?

“…Moreover, researchers have repeatedly found during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic patients with metabolic diseases were in risk groups for the onset of severe forms of severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and predisposition of long COVID (synonym of post-acute sequelae of CoV-2), a new and separate chronic syndrome that has different manifestations in people, later (Finucane and Davenport 2020 ; Callard and Perego 2021 ; Loosen et al 2022 ). Patients with obesity and who have often a deficiency of lymphocyte proliferation-improving micronutrients are referred to as one of the risk groups for long COVID significant reason for abnormal defense system functioning related to the delayed and ineffective immune response (Krams et al 2020 ; Sattar et al 2020 ; Karkhut et al 2021 ). In other words, nowadays is still an incomplete end-all understanding relationship between metabolic health and SARS-CoV-2 infection and how to provide effective prevention for negative consequences of the onset long COVID.…”

What is the role of brown adipose tissue in metabolic health: lessons learned and future perspectives in the long COVID?

“…Moreover, researchers have repeatedly found during the co rona vi rus d isease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic patients with metabolic diseases were in risk groups for the onset of severe forms of severe acute respiratory syndrome—coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV-2) infection and predisposition of long COVID (synonym of post-acute sequelae of CoV-2), a new and separate chronic syndrome that has different manifestations in people, later (Finucane and Davenport 2020 ; Callard and Perego 2021 ; Loosen et al 2022 ). Patients with obesity and who have often a deficiency of lymphocyte proliferation-improving micronutrients are referred to as one of the risk groups for long COVID significant reason for abnormal defense system functioning related to the delayed and ineffective immune response (Krams et al 2020 ; Sattar et al 2020 ; Karkhut et al 2021 ). In other words, nowadays is still an incomplete end-all understanding relationship between metabolic health and SARS-CoV-2 infection and how to provide effective prevention for negative consequences of the onset long COVID.…”