Physiological Position of Rest and Phoria

Levy, John

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(69)91258-6

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Further, gain fields reflect a neural modulation by gaze PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY angle to a retinotopic stimulation [42,43]; hence, saccadic movements per-se are not "dynamically" involved in this phenomenon. However, it must be noted that the position of rest of the eyes is divergent (exotropic) [129,130]; thus, to maintain an angle of gaze, stabilizing and accommodative muscular responses are necessary [130], with corollary discharge signals linked to these muscle activations likely to vary with gaze-angle size (distance from resting position) and broadcasted along sensory streams, just as any other corollary discharge signal [24]. The temporal characteristics of these phenomena indicate the differential recruitment of circuits and mechanisms over time, which cannot be simulated in the context of CNN architectures, critically missing dynamic components.…”

Section: Suppression Enhancement Gain Fields: Limitations Of Our Appr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor-related signals support localization invariance for stable visual perception

Benucci

2022

PLoS Comput Biol

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Our ability to perceive a stable visual world in the presence of continuous movements of the body, head, and eyes has puzzled researchers in the neuroscience field for a long time. We reformulated this problem in the context of hierarchical convolutional neural networks (CNN)—whose architectures have been inspired by the hierarchical signal processing of the mammalian visual system—and examined perceptual stability as an optimization process that identifies image-defining features for accurate image classification in the presence of movements. Movement signals, multiplexed with visual inputs along overlapping convolutional layers, aided classification invariance of shifted images by making the classification faster to learn and more robust relative to input noise. Classification invariance was reflected in activity manifolds associated with image categories emerging in late CNN layers and with network units acquiring movement-associated activity modulations as observed experimentally during saccadic eye movements. Our findings provide a computational framework that unifies a multitude of biological observations on perceptual stability under optimality principles for image classification in artificial neural networks.

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Section: Suppression Enhancement Gain Fields: Limitations Of Our Appr...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor-related signals support localization invariance for stable visual perception

Benucci

2022

PLoS Comput Biol

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“…In the dark, no visual stimuli affect tonus, so, for any fixed body position, a unique equilibrium position, called the physiological position of rest, can be conceived. Levy (1969) measured this position by having subjects report the apparent direction of a brief flash, relative to an earlier one from the same location where the subjects tried to maintain fixation. Errors are known to be mainly due to undetected eye movements (Matin, Pearce, Matin, & Kibler, 1966).…”

Section: Small-eye-movement Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Autokinetic illusion: A systematic review of theories, measures, and independent variables.

Levy¹

1972

Psychological Bulletin

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Vergence eye movements

Toates

1974

Doc Ophthalmol

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The extensive and scattered literature on vergence eye movements is reviewed. Topics covered include the neural innervation to vergence, active versus passive divergence, muscular control, the accuracy of vergence, the interaction from vergence to accommodation, the independence of vergence and version, the sharing of responsibility with other eye movement controllers, the anatomical and physiological resting point, prediction and learning, drug effects, and the stimuli to vergence, i.e. fusion, accommodation and proximity.Results from ophthahnology, physiology, as well as bioengineering are discussed, using control systems theory as a tool for description and explanation. It is argued that in this area the systems approach is the most appropriate method for interpreting experimental results. Finally, a model that attempts to integrate the results into a theory of vergence is proposed. On the one hand the model suggests possible explanations. On the other, where the model is inadequate it serves to direct attention either to modifications of the theory or to areas where further experimentation is indicated.

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Physiological Position of Rest and Phoria

Cited by 9 publications

References 15 publications

Motor-related signals support localization invariance for stable visual perception

Motor-related signals support localization invariance for stable visual perception

Autokinetic illusion: A systematic review of theories, measures, and independent variables.

Vergence eye movements

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